Leadership Theory

لیڈر شپ تھیوریز ـ
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1) لیڈر ہمیشہ پیدا ہوتے ہیں ــــــــ اِن کو خود سے بنایا نہیں جا سکتا (Great man theory)
2)ـٹریٹ تھیوری (Trait Theory) ــ اِس تھیوری کے مطابق کچھ خاص خوبیوں Traits کی بنیاد پر ہم کِسی بھی شخص میں لیڈرشپ Qualities کا پتا چلا سکتے ہیں ـ مثال کے طور ہر Intelligence ، Personality، scientific spirit, social sensitivity, ability to communicate وغیرہ وغیرہ
اِس تھیوری کے مطابق یہ Traits ہم میں پیدائشی بھی ہو سکتی ہیں یا پھر ہم اِن کو Training and exercises کے ذریعے حاصل کر سکتے ہیں
3) ایسا کرشماتی شخص جو اپنے کام سے دوسروں کو متاثر کر سکے ـ لیڈر لوگوں میں تحریک پیدا کر کے اُن کے کام کرنے کو بہتر کرے تاکہ آرگنائزیشن کے گولز کو حاصل کیا جا سکتے ـــــــــــ کرشماتی لیڈر (Charismatic theory)کہلاتا ہے ـکرشماتی لیڈر ـــ میکس ویبر کے مطابق ـ پیدائشی ہوتے ہیں
4) کونٹیجنسی لیڈرشپ تھیوری(Contingency theory) ـــــ اِس تھیوری کے مطابق کوئی بھی شخص ہر فلیڈ میں لیڈر نہیں ہوتا ـــ ہر فلیڈ اور حالات کی کچھ ڈیمانڈ ہوتی ہے جِس میں لیڈر کے لئے کچھ شرائطی خوبیاں ہوتی ہیں اگر وہ اُن خوبیوں پر پورا اترتا ہو تو وہ اُس فلیڈ کے لئے لیڈر قرار پائے گا ۔

Teaching Methods

Teaching Methods :-
1:Lecture Method :-
It is generally followed in colleges & schools ,students are passive in lecture method, this method ignores the individual difference.
2: Recitation Method
It is best method for mentally retard students Most powerful technique of imprinting material on mind
3: Discussion Method
In this method a small group assembles to communicate with each other using listening speaking and nonverbal process in order to achieve instructional objectives
Activities that can be performed in discussion method: holding a debate, holding a seminar , holding a symposium ( in this type 3 or more persons present their view on several side question or topic?
4: Demonstration method in this method teachers performs himself for elaborating his topic
This method is based upon principle 'truth is that which works '
This is psychological & economic method of teaching
5: Heuristic method
Means to investigate, to discover, Arm Strong is the great exponent of this method .. it is based upon the assumption that as little as possible & he should be encouraged to learn as much as possible
6: Project Method
Based on Dewey's philosophy suitable in teaching of science
Syllabus of advanced classes cannot be covered with this method
as it acquires great timing ..this method is used to achieve cognitive & affective objectives
7: Discovery Method
Students find & explore the information themselves
8: Cooperative Learning
An alternative to competitive models
Essential characteristics of cooperative learning is positive interdependence 9: Activity based method: in Pakistan used for elementary level..involves mental & physical action
10: Group Differentiated Method :
Based of assumption no student is particularly different from any group or class of student..emphasis on equality
11: Question answer/ Socratic Method
In this method of teaching teacher established a chain of questions by linking previous knowledge with new knowledge
Main types of Question answer method :
a) Introductory: questions asked to check previous knowledge
b) Developing questions :
The questions which are asked after introductory questions
c) Evaluation questions
Asked at the end of learning
12 : Drill method
Method which is related to discussion & heuristic method ..practice is made in drill method
13 : Problem solving method :
Deals with the concept that is problematic
Its types are :
a) Inductive
b) deductive
In inductive we more from particular to general for example : teacher gives an example & then discuss his topic in view of that example
Deductive : we move from general to particular first discuss the topic then give an example

Headmaster Past paper

All financial transaction of the school occurring from day to day is entered in
Cash Book

Micro planning is done in
Middle and Lower Management

The ACR cannot be initiated for the period of less than
Three months

The individual in the group given the task of directing and coordinating is
Supervisor

The cash book in maintained by
DDO

Authoritarian model is more suitable for
Discipline

Teacher salaries and allowances collectively are written in
Cash Register

A programme of activities which is designed to attain educational ends is
Curriculum

Superannuation retirement age in Pakistan is
60 Years

Pension is given if the retirement is after service of
25 years

The process of making judgment is called
Evaluation

What does E and D Rules mean
Efficiency and discipline rules

A.D.P is an abbreviation of
Annual development programme

The power is concentrated in the hands of one or few people in
Centralization

S.N.E is an abbreviation of
Schedule of new entry

The level of school addminstration can best be judged through
Learning out comes

Acquaintance roll is used for
Salary disbursement

All transaction should be entered in which register
Cash

The concept of inspection was first introduced in
England

Budgeting is an estimation of
Income and expenditure

The authorized person of staff performance is
Head teacher

Education policies 1947 to 2009

1) 1947 educational conference
* Educational Minister: Mulana Fazal ur Reham (east Pak)
* Held: Karachi from 27 Nov to 01 Dec
___________________
2) National Education Commission:
*Education secretary: S.M. Sharif (Not education Minister)
*Held: Karachi from 30 dec 1958 to 05 Jan 1959
*Report submitted: August 1959
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3) National education Policy 1970
*Educational Minister: Air Marshel Noor Khan
*Another Name: Noor Khan Report
*Date: 26 March 1970
___________________
4) National education Policy 1972
*Educational Minister: Abdul Hafeez Pir Zada
*Date: 29 March 1972
___________________
5) National education Policy 1978
*Educational Minister: Muhammad Khan Hoti
*Date: 5 January 1979
*Place: Islamabad
___________________
6) National education Policy 1992
*Educational Minister: Fakhar Imam
___________________
7) National education Policy 1998
*Educational Minister: Syed Ghous Ali Shah
*Date: 27 March 1998 (In the memory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan)
*Place: Islamabad
___________________
8) National education Policy 2009
*Educational Minister: Mir Hazar Khan Bijarani
*Date: 9 September 2009
*Place: Islamabad
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‪#‎Educational_conference_Policies

Definition of Some education term

   Pedagogy is the holistic science of education. the word is derived from a Greek word Paidos and ago, which means  "to lead the child"
2.                  The word "education" is derived from the Latin ēducātiō (“A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing") from ēdūcō (“educate,  train”)
3.                  In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university.
4.                  curriculum came from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adult
5.                  Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge.Deals with
6.                  What is knowledge?
7.                  How is knowledge acquired?
8.                  ontology is the study or concern about what kinds of things exist - what entities there are in the universe. It derives from the Greek onto (being) and logia (written or spoken discourse). It is a branch of metaphysics , the study of first principles or the essence of things.
9.                  axiology is The study of the nature of values and value judgments.
10.             Perennialists believe that one should teach the things that one deems to be of everlasting pertinence to all people everywhere
11.             Educational essentialism is an educational philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the traditional basic subjects thoroughly and rigorously
12.             Progressivists believe that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one's education. Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students
13.             Philosophy of education can refer to either the academic field of applied philosophy or to one of any educational philosophies that promote a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals and meaning of education.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 – 27 Mar 1898)

• Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather – Ex Mughal PM)
• Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine

Joined gov’t in 1839 – after father’s death – in a clerical job  1841 – promoted as Sub-Judge 1846 – transferred to Delhi  Chief judge in 1846  was offered an estate for services rendered to British during war 1857 but he rejected  1877 – member of imperial council 1886 – University of Edinburgh – LL.D degree 1888 – Knighthood

Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement

Objective:

1. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
2. Cooperation with the British government

1. Schools
• Muradabad (1859)
• Ghazipur (1863)
2. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
• (to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)
• 1866 – Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments of goodwill & friendship)
• Muhammadan Educational Conference
• Established in 1866  held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques  Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
3. Muhammadan Educational Conference
• Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques  Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
1869 – went to England, studied education system of Oxford & Cambridge
4. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
• to impart modern knowledge to Muslims
5. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
On pattern of Oxford Fund raising committee formed 24th May, 1874, MAO High school established  1877 – got status of college  western, eastern and Islamic education  1920 – status of University

Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement

1. Muslims should avoid active politics
2. Sir Syed wrote “Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind

Causes of WOI 1857

1. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils
2. Conversion of Indian into Christianity
3. Mismanagement of Indian army
4. Ill advised measure of gov’t
• Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861
3. 1866 – Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh – to express grievances of Indians to gov’t
4. wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India
5. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 – forum for those who did not join Congress
6. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 – Against Hindu Revivalist movements
a. Arya Smaj – Hindustan 1977
b. B G Tilak – Cow Slaughter
c. Shudhi -
d. Shangtahn -

Religious Services of Aligarh Movement

1. Wrote “Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle” in response to William Muire’s objectionable remarks in “Life of Muhammad”
2. Philosophical commentary “Tabaeen-al-Kalam” on bible – point out similarities
3. Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed – having positive attitude towards religion

Social services of Aligarh Movement

1. “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq”  criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new trend
2. Established Orphanage houses
3. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu  protecting Urdu
4. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab  Muslims can eat with Christians
Pioneer of two nation theory
• Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity
• Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views
• Shakespeare dialogue

Features of Aligarh

• Western & Eastern Education
• Islamic Education
• Residential College
• European and Indian staff
• Non-Muslim students
• Loyalist Disposition

Aligarh Movement after Sir Syed’s death

1. 1889 – Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill  Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust & Syed Mahmud (son) as joint sec.
2. After Sir Syed’s death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec.  was a weak manager  resigned
3. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec  devoted  deposited six lac Rs to gov’t  handled the conflict b/t two groups – Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of European staff) & Muhammad Ali Johar  Died in 1907
4. Nwab Vaqar ul Malik took over tussle on European staff arouse  Nawab resigned in 1912 – health
5. Nwab Muhammad Ishaq Khan  deposited 20 lac for status of University 1919.

History Of Education

In Muradabad 1859 First School was established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan
MAO High School Ali Garh 1875 established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan
MAO college Ali Garh  1877 established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan which was inaugurated by Lord Milton.
This college became university in 1920
Mr.Sidens was first its principal
All India Mohamdan Educational Conference established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan in 1886
Scientific Society in 1866  established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan
Dar-ul-Deoband established by Molana Qasim Nanotavi in 30 May 1866 in Chahta Mosque.
Molna M. Mehmmod was first its teacher.
Following are pre independence educational reports and commissions
Charles Grants Treatise issued in 1792. Charles was a British Parliament member.
Lord Minto( Governor General of Subcontinent) Report issued in 1811
Lord Macaulay Report 1835
wood dispatch report 1854. Charles wood was president of board of control
Hunter Commission 1882. William hunter was a minister of Lord Rippen viceroy council
Indian Universities Comission 1902
Sadler Comission 1919. Michal Sadler was VC of Leads university
Hartog Committee report 1929
Charter act 1833
Lord Macaulay report 1835
Woods despatch policy 1854
Punjab university 1882
Sir William Hunter commission 1882
Thomas foro report 1822
Indian council of education 1842
Sergeant report 1944
Sedler commission 1917