#Silent_Letters_in_English

#Silent_Letters_in_English
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What is Silent Letter?
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A silent letter is the letter in words that is not pronounced but make a huge difference to the meaning and pronunciation of the whole word.
Looking back to the history of the language, these letters were pronounced initially, and then they became silent. There are a lot of silent letters in English, it’s said that around 60 % of words in English have silent letters. This makes spelling and pronunciation more difficult for learners. Below we will look at some silent letter rules that will help you recognize when certain letters are to be silent.
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#Silent_Letters_in_English
There are some rules that explain which letters are supposed to be silent, before and after certain letters (the only issue about this is that, like all English rules – there are usually some exceptions!). once you start practicing these rules and using with new vocabulary that you learn, it will become easier to remember silent letters in English.
*#Silent_B*
Rule 1: The letter B is usually not pronounced after M at the end of a word.
• Comb, bomb, thumb, climb, tomb, crumb, lamb
Rule 2: B is usually not pronounced before the letter T.
• Doubt, doubtful, subtle, debt.
*#Silent_C*
Rule 1: The letter C is usually not pronounced in the combination of SC.
• Scissors, ascent, fascinate, muscle.
Rule 2: C is usually mute before the letters K and Q.
• Lock, block, puck, acknowledge.
• Aqua, Acquit, Acquiesce.
*#Silent_D*
Rule 1: The letter D is silent when it appears before the letters N and G.
• Wednesday, cadge, Pledge, grudge.
Rule 2: D is not pronounced in the following Common words:
• Wednesday, handsome, handkerchief, sandwich.
*#Silent_E*
Rule 1: If the letter E comes at the ends of words, it is generally not pronounced.
• Fore, table, before, write, give, hide.
Rule 2: If E occurs before the letter D in the second and third form of the verbs, E may sometimes not to be pronounced.
• Bored, fixed, smuggled, begged.
*#Silent_G*
Rule 1: The G letter is not pronounced when it comes before N in a word.
• Design, foreign, sign, gnash, align.
Exceptions: Magnet, igneous, cognitive, signature
*#Silent_GH*
Rule 1: GH is not pronounced when it comes after a vowel in a word.
• High, light, thought, through alight.
Rules 2: Exceptions: GH is pronounced separately in compound words (As you can see in the following words that exceptions are generally compound words).
• Doghouse, bighead, foghorn.
Rule 3: Except examples from rule 1, GH is sometimes pronounced like F, consider the words below.
• Drought, cough, laugh, tough.
*#Silent_H*
Rule 1: The letter H is usually silent when it appears after W.
• Why, what, when, weather, where.
Rule 2: Sometimes the letter H is not silent after W, consider the words below.
• Whose, whosoever, who, whoever, whole.
Rule 3: H is mute at the beginning of many words (remember to use the article “an” with unvoiced H).
• Hour, honest, honour, heir.
Rule 4: Exceptions: Most of the words beginning with H are not silent (remember to use the article “a” with voiced H)
• History, Historical, Hair, Happy.
*#Silent_K*
Rule: The letter K is always silent when it precedes the letter N in a word.
• Know, knock, knife, knight, knowledge.
*#Silent_L*
Rule: The letter L is usually not pronounced after the vowels: A, O and U.
• Calf, half, palm, would, should, could, folk, yolk.
*#Silent_N*
Rule: The letter N is not pronounced when it comes after M at the end of a word.
• Column, damn, solemn, autumn.
*#Silent_P*
Rule: The letter P is not pronounced at the he beginning of many words using the combinations PS, PT and PN.
• Psalm, psephology, pterodactyl, pneumonia, pneumatic.
*#Silent_PH*
Rule: PH is sometimes pronounced like F.
• Sophia, paragraph, elephant, telephone.

*What Are Affixes

*What Are Affixes?*
 
An *affix* is added to the root of a word to change its meaning.

*Different Types of Affixes:*
The two most common types of *affixes* are *prefixes* and *suffixes*.

An *affix* added to the front of a word is known as a *prefix*. One added to the back is known as a *suffix*. Sometimes, *prefixes* are hyphenated.

*Examples of Affixes:*
Here are some examples of *affixes*:
1- incapable (The affix is the prefix in).

2- ex-President (The affix is the prefix ex-).

3- laughing (The affix is the suffix ing).
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A *prefix* is an element placed at the beginning of a word to adjust or qualify its meaning, for example de-, non-, and re-.

A *suffix* is an element placed at the end of a word to form a derivative, such as -ation, -fy, -ing, frequently one that converts the stem into another part of speech.

A combining form can be either a *prefix* or a *suffix*; the difference is that the combining form adds a layer of extra meaning to the word.
For example, bio- adds the idea of life or living things to words, as in biochemistry, the study of the chemical processes which occur within living organisms; -cide adds the idea of killing or a killing agent, as in pesticide. Compare these examples with a *prefix* such as ex- or a *suffix* such as -ic, neither of which add meaning, but only modify an existing meaning.

Combining forms only appear as elements in a compound. If it can stand alone as a word it is not a combining form. For example, carbo- only appears in compounds to indicate carbon, but there are many related words that begin with carbon-; these are considered to be compound words and carbon- is not listed on this site as a combining form. Having said that, in some cases a combining form has at some point in its life taken on the status of a free-standing word (cyber- is an example), but if its primary function is as a combining form, it appears in its place in the text.

To be a combining form an element must be found attached to stems that also have intrinsic meaning; this excludes stems whose only compounds are grammatical variations, such as intense (intensive, intensively, intensiveness).
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An *infix* is placed within a word; these are rare in English, though cupful can be made plural as cupsful by inserting the plural s as an *infix*; *infixes* sometimes occur in facetious creations like absobloodylutely (which some grammarians would rather describe as tmesis). Infixes often appear as linking vowels between *prefixes* and stems, for example the final letters of narco- and calci-. They are also found between a stem ending in a consonant and a *suffix* beginning with one, as with -ferous, which frequently appears as -iferous, or -logy, which is commonly seen as -ology. The only examples of such linking vowel *infixes* here are -i- and -o-.

No formal identification is made in the text of the class of *affix* to which entries belong. The position of the hyphen is sufficient indication whether it is placed at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a word: neo-, -i-, -graphy.
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*Most Common Prefixes:*
The four most common *prefixes* are dis-, in-, re-, and un-. These account for over 95% of prefixed words.

*Most Common Suffixes:*
The four most common *suffixes* are -ed, -ing, -ly, and -es. These account for over 95% of suffixed words.

Uses of Modal verbs and their usage.

📍 *Lecture * 📍

Uses of Modal verbs and their usage.

*Modal Verbs*
"Verbs, used with another verb to show/express permission, ability, possibility, suggestions etc".
*Examples*
Modal verbs/modal auxiliaries include the following:

❤1. *_CAN_*
CAN is used for:
1⃣. For ability.
*Eg*. I can do this work.
2⃣. For permission.
*Eg*. You can go now.
3⃣. For request.
*Eg*. Can you translate this article for me please?
4⃣. For possibility. (Usually used in negative and interrogative sentences).
*Eg*. You can not get that book from Karachi.
5⃣. For anger.
*Eg*. Can you just shut up?
6⃣. For general truth.
*Eg*. By exercising daily, you can lose your weight.
7⃣. For offers.
*Eg*. Can I help you?

❤2. *_COULD_*
Could is used for:
1⃣. For past ability.
*Eg*. When I was in SSC, I could study for 7 hours daily.
2⃣. For past possibility.
*Eg*. The road could be blocked but the police reached in time.
3⃣. For polite way of asking.
*Eg*. Could I have my book back please?
4⃣. For uncertain possibility.
*Eg*. They could come any time.
5⃣. For suggestions.
*Eg*. We could have lunch outside today.
6⃣. For anger.
*Eg*. You could try to change it before my arrival.
7⃣. For suggestions.
*Eg*. You could go there before he had gone.

❤3. *_MAY_*
May is used for:
1⃣. For possibility (usually used in positive sentences).
*Eg*. It may rain today.
2⃣. For permission.
*Eg*. May I join you sir?
3⃣. For wish (usually in optative sentences).
*Eg*. May my mother live long.
4⃣. For request.
*Eg*. May I speak sir please?
5⃣. For prohibition.
*Eg*. You may not smoke in the office.

❤4. *_MIGHT_*
Might is used for:
1⃣. Possibility.
*Eg*. It might rain today.
2⃣. For politeness.
*Eg*. Might I take more?
3⃣. For suggestions.
*Eg*. I thought you might help me.

❤5. *_WILL_*
Will is used for:
1⃣. For future actions:
*Eg*. He will leave for India tomorrow.
2⃣. For willingness.
*Eg*. I will play with you.
3⃣. For asking something.
*Eg*. Will you give me your watch?
4⃣. For polite invitation.
*Eg*. Will you join me please?
5⃣. For anger.
*Eg*. Will you stop talking?
6⃣. For something possible.
*Eg*. Who is knocking the door? It will be Ali.
7⃣. For things, which usually happen.
*Eg*. It will last longer, if you used it carefully.
8⃣. For promise.
*Eg*. I will come there tomorrow.

❤6. *_WOULD_*
Would is used for:
1⃣. For a polite request.
*Eg*. Would you mind sitting here?
2⃣. For strong desire.
*Eg*. Would that I could see Quaid E Azam!
3⃣. For past habitual actions.
*Eg*. I would study very hard, when I was in Primary school.
4⃣. For typical behavior.
*Eg*. They always say we are busy. They would say that again.
5⃣. For reason.
*Eg*. Why would one miss such an offer?

❤7. *_SHALL_*
Shall is used for:
1⃣. For first person pronouns.
*Eg*. I/we shall go tomorrow.
2⃣. For a command (usually in 2nd or 3rd person).
*Eg*. You shall not enter to this room.
3⃣. For emphasis.
*Eg*. I shall kill you the day you abused me.
4⃣. For asking something.
*Eg*. Shall you forgive me?
5⃣. For permission.
*Eg*. Shall I collect the money from them Sir?

❤8. *_SHOULD_*
Should is used for:
1⃣. For something advisable.
*Eg*. If you can't sleep, you should go to a good physician.
2⃣. For expectations.
*Eg*. You should do it very easy.
3⃣. For a purpose.
*Eg*. Take umbrella lest you should get wet.
4⃣. For reason.
*Eg*. Why one should reject this offer?
5⃣. For advice.
*Eg*. You should not worry because he's alive.
6⃣. For expressing obligation or duty.
*Eg*. We should obey the law.
7⃣. For politeness.
*Eg*. I should like to help you.
8⃣. For supposition.
*Eg*. If it should rain, they will not come.

❤9. *_MUST_*
Must is used for:
1⃣. For necessary things.
*Eg*. You must study hard.
2⃣. For strong intention.
*Eg*. You must invite him.
3⃣. For emphasis.
*Eg*. I must say "you are great".
4⃣. For strong possibility.
*Eg*. He must be hungry.
5⃣. For obligation.
*Eg*. You must get up very early.
6⃣. For expressing logical certainty.
*Eg*. Living in so much crowd must be very difficult.

❤10. *_OUGHT TO_*
Ought To is used for:
1⃣. For expressing moral obligation or desirability.
*Eg*. We ought to love our neighbours.
2⃣. For expressing probability.
*Eg*. This book ought to be very useful.
3⃣. For expectations.
*Eg*. He ought to be at home now.

❤11. *_USED TO_*
Used To is used for:
1⃣. For repeated actions in the past.
*Eg*. We used to play a lot when we were younger.
2⃣. For expressing a discontinued habit.
*Eg*. I used to study a lot in SSC.

❤12. *_NEED_*
Need is used for:
1⃣. For necessity or obligation.
*Eg*. I need hardly to go.

*from the desk of English speakers group*

TENSES

*TENSES*

*Simple Present Tense:*
He talks.
He doesn’t talk.
Does he talk?
Why does he talk?

*Simple Past Tense:*
He talked.
He didn’t talk.
Did he talk?
Why did he talk?

*Simple Future Tense:*
He will talk.
He won’t talk.
Will he talk?
Why will he talk?

*CONTINUOUS:*
*Present Continuous Tense:*
He is talking.
He is not talking.
Is he talking?
Why is he talking?

*Past Continuous Tense:*
He was talking.
He was not talking.
Was he talking?
Why was he talking?

*Future Continuous Tense:*
He will be talking.
He won’t be talking.
Will he be talking?
Why will he be talking?

*PERFECT*
*Present Perfect Tense:*
He has talked.
He hasn’t talked.
Has he talked?
Why has he talked?

*Past Perfect Tense:*
He had talked.
He hadn’t talked.
Had he talked?
Why had he talked?

*Future Perfect Tense:*
He will have talked.
He will have not talked.
Will he have talked?
Why will he have talked?

*PERFECT CONTINUOUS*
*Present Perfect Continuous Tense:*
He has been talking.
He hasn’t been talking.
Has he been talking?
Why has he been talking?

*Past Perfect Continuous Tense:*
He had been talking.
He hadn’t been talking.
Had he been talking?
Why had he been talking

*Future Perfect Continuous Tense:*
He will have been talking.
He will have not been talking
Will he have been talking?
Why will he have been talking?

📚📚 *OPPOSITE WORDS

📚📚 *OPPOSITE  WORDS*

🌅A🌅

absent × present
accept × decline, refuse
accurate × inaccurate
admit × deny
advantage × disadvantage
agree × disagree
alive × dead
all × none, nothing
always × never
ancient × modern
answer × question
apart × together
appear × disappear, vanish
approve × disapprove
arrive × depart
artificial × natural
ascend × descend
attractive × repulsive
awake × asleep

🌅B🌅

backward × forward
bad × good
beautiful × ugly
before × after
begin × end
below × above
bent × straight
best × worst
better × worse, worst
big × little, small
black × white
blame × praise
bless × curse
bitter × sweet
borrow × lend
bottom × top
boy × girl
brave × cowardly
build × destroy
bold × meek, timid
bound × free
bright × dim, dull
brighten × fade
broad × narrow

🌅C🌅

calm × windy, troubled
capable × incapable
careful × careless
cheap × expensive
cheerful × sad, discouraged, dreary
clear × cloudy, opaque
clever × stupid
clockwise × counterclockwise
close × far, distant
closed × open
cold × hot
combine × separate
come × go
comfort × discomfort
common × rare
contract × expand
cool × warm
correct × incorrect, wrong
courage × cowardice
create × destroy
crooked × straight
cruel × kind
compulsory × voluntary
courteous × discourteous, rude

🌅D🌅

dangerous × safe
dark × light
day × night
dead × alive
decline × accept, increase
decrease × increase
deep × shallow
definite × indefinite
demand × supply
despair × hope
disappear × appear
diseased × healthy
down × up
downwards × upwards
dry × moist, wet
dull × bright, shiny

🌅E🌅

early × late
east × west
easy × hard, difficult
empty × full
encourage × discourage
end × begin, start
enter × exit
even × odd
export × import
external × internal

🌅F🌅

fade × brighten
fail × succeed
false × true
famous × unknown
far × near
fast × slow
fat × thin
few × many
find × lose
first × last
foolish × wise
fold × unfold
forget × remember
found × lost
friend × enemy

🌅G🌅

generous × stingy
gentle × rough
get × give
girl × boy
glad × sad, sorry
gloomy × cheerful
good × bad
great × tiny, small, unimportant
guest × host
guilty × innocent

🌅H🌅

happy × sad
hard × easy
hard × soft
harmful × harmless
hate × love
healthy × diseased, ill, sick
heaven × hell
heavy × light
here × there
high × low
hill × valley
horizontal × vertical
hot × cold
humble × proud

🌅I🌅

in × out
include × exclude
inhale × exhale
inner × outer
inside × outside
intelligent × stupid, unintelligent
interior × exterior

🌅J🌅

join × separate
junior × senior

🌅K🌅

knowledge × ignorance
known × unknown

🌅L🌅

landlord × tenant
large × small
last × first
laugh × cry
lawful × illegal
leader × follower
left × right
less × more
like × dislike, hate
limited - boundless
little × big
long × short
loose × tight
loss × win
loud × quiet
low × high

🌅M🌅

major × minor
many × few
mature × immature
maximum × minimum
melt × freeze

🌅N🌅

narrow × wide
near × far, distant
never × always
new × old
no × yes
noisy × quiet
none × some
north × south

🌅O🌅

odd × even
offer × refuse
old × young
on × off
open × closed, shut
opposite × same, similar
out × in
over × under

🌅P🌅

past × present
peace × war
permanent × temporary
plural × singular
polite × rude, impolite
possible × impossible
powerful × weak
pretty × ugly
private × public
pure × impure, contaminated
push × pull

🌅Q🌅

qualified × unqualified
quiet × loud, noisy

🌅R🌅

raise × lower
rapid × slow
rare × common
regular × irregular
real × fake
rich × poor
right × left, wrong
rough × smooth

🌅S🌅

safe × unsafe
secure × insecure
scatter × collect
separate × join, together
shallow × deep
shrink × grow
sick × healthy, ill
simple × complex, hard
singular × plural
sink × float
slim × fat, thick
sorrow × joy
start - finish
strong × weak
success × failure....

Simple Commands and Instructions used in the Class Room*

*Simple Commands and Instructions used in the Class Room*

Good Morning, Children

Good Morning, Sir/Madam

Stand up

Sit down

Please sit down

Come here

Bring your English work book

Open your book at page no 25

Raise your hand

Look here

Look at the black board

Please listen to me carefully

Listen to the story

Please keep quiet

Don’t make a noise

Copy this line (sentence) in your exercise book

Show me your book

read aloud

Read silently

Stand in a row

Sit in a first row

Please say it again

Say it again

Say answer

Take this as home work

Read this para

Stop writing

Come and meet me after the class

Read this para one after another

Come near

Write quickly

Say it loudly after me

Write the data on the black board

Please write your name on your paper

Stand beside me

Come inside

Go to your class rooms

Don’t say it after me

Note this down

Say answer to this question

Come and meet me again

Write with pencil

Go and ask your English teacher

Write with a pen

Sit here

Stand here

Don’t sit here

Say it after me

Avoid eating in the class

Let him say first

Call her

Wait here untile the class is over

Time is up

Introduce me to her

Follow me/come with me

Ask him / her name

Time is up

Introduce me English

Say it aloud

Don’t say all together

Don’t answer all together

Close your book

Pick up your pencil

Put down your pencil

Go to the black board

Open the door

Close the door

Shut the window

Go back to your seat

Show your copy writing note book

Take out your English note books

Write down

Please listen to him / her

Let me say first

Walk back to your seat

Walk to the door

Tack a sheet of paper

Open your work book at page no.13

Please pay your attention

Clean the black board

Close your books, you may go home

Give back your answer papers

Stop talking

Let us stop the lesson here

Do your home work at home

Read this paragraph one after another

Stop doing that

Don’t stand here

Wait here

Take it

Wait out side

Get ready / be ready

Go at once

Get out

Get in

Don’t write

Don’t go

Try again

Bring work books tomorrow

Please come back

Say your names / numbers for attendance

Let me see

Fetch (bring) me a glass of water

Keep everything ready

Wake me up at 5o clock

Move a little bit

Don’t move

Don’t forget

Come after wards

Don’t say like that

Do your own work

Come back soon

Stay here

Respect your parents / elders

Switch on the light

Switch off the light

Go back

Remind me about it tomorrow

Don’t be late

Write with a red pen

Don’t copy others

Go and come

Go and blow your nose

Brush your teeth

Don’t stand there

Don’t waste your time

Take relax for some time

Keep them orderly

Read the sentences carefully

See how to write / read / say

See (meet) me on Sunday

Shut your mouth first

Tell him to come here

Wash your hands

Underline the words with pencil

Tell her, It is very urgent

Tell her, I am very much thankful

Tell me what happened actually

Put it on paper / table

Just listen

Move aside

Move ahead

Come forward

Leave it

stretch your hand

Don’t stand under the trees

Come to me

All girls go to pullaiah sir

Go through the lessons

Look at the contents page

Show me your home work one after another

Now let us speak English for 10 minutes

Give him a big hand

Go to the tap and wash your face

Listen to me, you will be here at 9.30 A.M tomorrow

Carry on

Don’t worry

As it is ----

At any time

Now it is about 10o clock

By name

As you like

No one knows

Nothing to say

Listen what I say ---

Have a little patience

Give some water to drink

Ask him

Go to bed

For each a mistake

Let us begin

Write quickly

Come to Point

Think before you speck

Day after Yesterday

Day after tomorrow

Go ahead

Don’t distrub me

Come in time

Come here on time

Well said

As usual

On your request

Don’t go any where

Speak loudly

Can you speak English to me

No, thanks

Come on

Switch on the fan

Switch off the fan

Stop

Stop here

Comb your hair

sign here

Get lost

Be good

Be silent

Get up

Get out

Get in

Shut up

I know

I don’t know

try again

Please remind me

Let Ravi come

Let him go

Now and then

Don’t be silly in the class

Put everything in order

Don’t come late to school

Talk politely

Follow me

Keep it with you.

Come and have your meal

Don’t wander the varandas

Convey the news to other

Observe carefully

Omit this lesson

Try to come in time

Never speak to me like that

you, come here

Name some flowers

Don’t call names

Take it easy

Tell me

Please be seated

Hello Rani, please open the English work book, see/(look at) page no.11

Geeta come here and erase the black board

Children, please trace and copy the words in page no.41

Ravi, please read these words

Mani, you go and touch the window

Sandhya, please clean here

Close your eyes

Raise your hands

Go to the play ground

Please go and get some water

Reapeat it

Listen, watch, look, write, copy, trace

Do your home work at home

o.k. fine

bye

Take care

See you

Have a good day

Have a nice time

Best of luck

Please sorry

Well done

All the best

Congratulations

I am very sorry

Very good

Excellent

Keep it up

Wish you a happy vinayaka chavithi

Wish you speedy recovery

Wish you all success

Wish you a happy new year

Clean the board

All right you must not be late again

O.k. you will have to bring it tomorrow

Don’t do that

Stop that

Be silent

Time is up, close your books, you may go home

Give back your answer papers

Please write your names on your papers

Put you work on my desk

Keep the your papers on the table

Don’t forget to bring the fee

Don’t worry about it

Never mind

Cheer up

Be happy

You are write

Exactly

That is right

Absolutely

Definitely

Mani draw a line, on the black board

Give her space

Give the boy a pen

Give the pencil to the girl

You tell mala to come here

Check your mistakes

Don’t disperse answers

Don’t exchange answers

Go in a line

Stand in a line

Form in a group

Come to me

Xth B/s go to mani sir

Tie your papers

Has he gone?

Don’t call her by her name

Don’t see bad

Don’t listen bad

Don’t say bad

*Face Expressions

*Face Expressions:*
*چہرہ کے تاثرات:*

1. Happy
*خوش*
2. Ecstatic
*مسرور*
3. Content
*قانع؛ مطمئن*
4. Sad
*دکھی*
5. Depressed
*افسردہ*
6. Embarrassed
*شرمسار*
7. Nervous
*گھبرایا ہوا*
8. Angry
*ناراض*
9. Furious
*غضبناک*
10. Devious
*چالاک؛ فریبی*
11. Bored
*بیزار*
12. Annoyed
*مشتعل؛ ناراض*
13. Surprised
*حیران*
14. Tired
*تھکا ہوا*
15. Exhausted
*تھکن سے چور*
16. Disgusted
*اکتایا ہوا؛ بیزار*
17. Proud
*گھمنڈی*
18. Evil
*برا*
19. Horrified
*دہشت زدہ*
20. Confused
*تذبذب میں؛ کشمکش میں*

*Today, we will learn about phrases that one should use while agreeing or disagreeing with something.*

*Today, we will learn about phrases that one should use while agreeing or disagreeing with something.*
*آج، ہم ایسے مرکبات سیکھیں گے جنہیں کسی سے اتفاق یا عدم اتفاق کرتے وقت استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔*

*Phrases to use - to agree*
*اتفاق کرنے کے لیے استعمال کیے جانے والے مرکبات*

1. That's right!
ٹھیک ہے!

2. Definitely!
یقینا!

3. Exactly!
بالکل!

4. So do I
میں بھی ایسے ہی

5. No doubt about it.
اس بارے میں کوئی شک نہیں۔

6. We're in accord
ہمیں اتفاق ہے

7. Our thoughts are parallel
ہمارے خیالات مماثل ہیں

8. That's just what I was thinking.
میں بھی یہی سوچ رہا تھا۔

9. I could not have said it any better
میں اسے اور بہتر طور پر نہیں کہہ سکتا تھا

10. I think you are totally right about that.
میرے خیال میں آپ اس بارے میں بالکل درست ہیں۔

11. You got it.
صحیح کہا آپ نے۔

12. Absolutely!
یقینا!

13. I agree with you.
مجھے آپ سے اتفاق ہے۔

14. You're so right.
آپ بالکل درست ہو۔

*Phrases to use - to disagree*
*عدم اتفاق کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہونے والے مرکبات*

1. I agree with you to a point, but..
میں کچھ حد تک آپ سے متفق ہوں، مگر۔۔۔

2. I understand what you are saying, however...
میں آپ کی بات سمجھتا ہوں، تاہم۔۔۔

3. I see what you are saying, but..
میں آپ کی بات سمجھ مانتا ہوں، مگر۔۔۔

4. I am afraid, I don't agree...
مجھے خدشہ ہے، میں اتفاق نہیں کرتا ہوں۔۔۔

5. I'm sorry but, I just can't agree...
میں معذرت خواہ ہوں مگر، میں بس اتفاق نہیں کر سکتا ہوں۔۔۔

6. Sorry, but I really can't agree to that...
معذرت، مگر میں اس سے حقیقت میں اتفاق نہیں کر سکتا ہوں۔۔۔

7. Hmm.. I wonder if it's true that...
ہونہہ۔۔۔ میں سوچتا ہوں کہ آیا وہ سچ ہے۔۔۔

8. I don't think that's such a good idea...
میرے خیال میں وہ اتنا اچھا خیال نہیں ہے۔۔۔

*Names of Family Members in English:*

*Names of Family Members in English:*

1. Grandmother - دادی/نانی 

2. Grandfather - دادا/نانا

3. Grandparent - دادا/دادی/نانا/نانی

*To be Specific:*

Paternal Grandfather - دادا
Paternal Grandmother - دادی
Maternal Grandmother - نانی
Maternal Grandfather - نانا

*We generally use the word 'Grandparent' to refer to:*
دادا/دادی/نانا/نانی

4. Granddaughter - نواسی/پوتی

5. Grandson - نواسہ/پوتا

6. Grandchild - نواسی/پوتی/نواسہ/پوتا

7. Aunt - چاچی/تایی/پھوپھی /خالہ/مامی
*For example: She is my aunt (not: She is my aunty)*

8. Uncle - چچا/تایا/پھوپھا/ماما/خالو

9. Niece - بھتیجی/بھانجی

10. Nephew - بھتیجا/بھانجا

11. Cousin - چاچی/تایی/پھوپھی /خالہ/مامی کے بچے

*Tip: We don't need to say 'Cousin Brother' or 'Cousin Sister' - just 'cousin' is enough. For example: She is my cousin (not: She is my cousin sister)*

12. Sister-in-law - نند/بهابی/جٹهانی/دیورانی/سالی

13. Brother-in-law - بہنوئی/دیور/جیٹه/سالی کا خاوند/سالہ 

14. Mother-in-law - ساس

15. Father-in-law - سسر

100 Most Famous Urdu Proverbs with English Translation

*100 Most Famous Urdu Proverbs with English Translation*

*1. جسے اللہ رکھے اُسے کون چکھے*
Jisay Allah Rakhay usay kon Chakhay.
If Allah wills not, no one can Harm.

*2. بھوکے کو سوکھی بھی چپڑی کے برابر*
Bhokay ko Sokhi bhi Chopri k baraber
Nothing comes amiss to a hungry man

*3. اندھا کیا چاہے دو آنکھیں*
Andha Kya Chahay doo Ankhan
A wish coming True.

*4. آنکھ کا اندھا نام نین سکھ*
Aankh ka Andha Naam Nain-Sukh
Opposite qualities of meaning of person’s name

*5. کھسیانی بلی کھمبا نوچے*
Khasyani Billi Khamba Nochay
To show anger after getting embarrassed.

*6. کہاں راجہ بھوج کہاں گنگوتیلی*
Kahan Raja Bhojh kahan Gangoteli
Big difference in status or Class.

*7. جتنے منہ اتنی باتیں*
Jitnay moun utni Baatain
More mouths will have more talks

*8. چھوٹا منہ بڑی بات*
Chota moun bari baat
To talk big without having a big position

*9. چوری کا مال موری میں*
Chori ka maal mori main
Money earned the wrong way will be taken away, would be lost

*10. دور کے ڈھول سُہانے*
Door k Dhol Sohanay
The grass is always greener on the other side

*11. مان نہ مان میں تیرا مہمان*
Maan na maan main taira mehmaan
Getting involved without having

*12. بہتی گنگا میں ہاتھ دھونا*
Behti Ganga main Hath dhona
To use the available opportunity

*13. گنگا گائے گنگا داس جمنا گائے جمنا داس*
Ganga ga-ay ganga daas Jamna ga-ay jamna daas
A person of no principles

*14. گھر کا بھیدی لنکا ڈھائے*
Ghar ka bhadi lanka dha-ay
Division is main reason for the damage

*15. چور کی داڑھی میں تنکا*
Chor ki Darhi main Tinka
One is afraid of his/her crime

*16. جیسی کرنی ویسی بھرنی*
Jaisi karni waisi Bharni
As you sow so shall you reap

*17. دھوبی کا کتا نہ گھر کا نہ گھاٹ کا*

Dhobi ka Kutta na ghar ka na Ghat ka
A person try to be on two sides goes nowhere
*18. ہاتھ کنگن کو آرسی کیا*
Hath kangan ko Arsi Kya
Evidence does not need proof

*19. انگور کھٹے ہیں*
Angoor Khatay hain
Sour grapes

*20. بندر کیا جانے ادرک کا سواد*
Bandar kya janay Adrak ka Sawad
Casting pearls before swine

*21. دال میں کالا*
Daal maen kala
More to it than meets the eye

*22. آگے کنواں پیچھے کھائی*
Aagy Kuwan pechay Khaee
Between the devil and the deep-sea

*23. جلے پر نمک چھڑکنا*
Jalay par Namak Cherkna
Rubbing salt on one’s wound

*24. ناچ نہ جانے آنگھن ٹیڑھا*
Naach na janay Angan Terha
A poor worker blames his tools

*25. انتھ بھلا تو سب بھلا*
Anth bhla to Sab bhla
All’s well that ends well

*26. اب پچھتائے کیا، جب چڑیاں چگ گئیں کھیت*
Ab Pachtay kya jab Chiryan chug gaen Khait
No use crying over split milk

*27. جتنی چادر ہو اتنا پیر پھیلاو*
Jitni Chadar ho utna pair phelao
Cut your coat according to your cloth

*28. تالی ایک ہاتھ سے نہیں بجتی*
Taali aik hath say nahi bajti
It takes two to quarrel

*29. جہاں چاہ وہاں رہ*
jahan Chah Wahan Rah
Where there’s a will, there’s a way

*30. دودھ کا جلا چھاچھ بھی پھونک کر پیتا ہے*
Doodh ka jala chach bhi Phonk kar pita hay
Once bitten twice shy

*31. کھوٹا چھنا باجے گھنا*
Khota chana bajay ghana
Empty vessels make more noise

*32. ایک میان میں دو تلواریں نہیں سماتیں*
aik Miyan main doo Talwarain nahi Samatein
No man can serve two masters

*33. جیسا دیس ویسا بھیس*
Jaisa dais waisa bhais
In Rome do as the Romans do

*34. اوس چاٹنے سے پیاس نہیں بجھتی*
Oas Chatnay say Piyas nahi Bojhti
A fog cannot be dispelled by a fan

*35. چور چور مسیرے بھائی*
Chor Chor masairay bhai
Birds of same feather flock together

*36. کر برا تو ہوئے برا*
Kar bura to hoay bura
Do evil & look for like

*37. اسکی عقل چرنے کو گئی ہے*
Us ki Aqal charnay ko gai hay
His wits are gone a wool gathering

*38. آپ بھلے تو جگ بھلا*
Aap bhalay to Jag Bhala
Good mind, good find

*39. اپنے منہ میاں مٹھو*
Apnay moun miyan Mitho
Fool to others to himself a sage

*40. جو گرجتے ہیں وہ برستے نہیں*
Jo garjtay hain wo barastay nahi
Barking dogs seldom bite

*41. لالچ بری بلا ہے*
Lalich buri bala hay
Avarice is root of all evils

*42. لوہے کے چنے چبانا*
Lohay k chany Chabana
Hard nut to crack

*43. ڈوبتے کو تنکے کا سہارا*
Doobtay ko Tinkay ka sahara
Drowning man catches at straw

*44. بوئے پودے ببول کے آم کہاں سے ہوئے*
Boay poday babol k, Aam kahan say hoay
Gather thistles & expect pickles

*45. جیسا راجا ویسی پرجا*
Jaisa raja waisi Parja
As the King so are the subjects

*46. سانچ کو آنچ نہیں*
Sanch ko Aanch nahi
Pure gold does not fear the flame

*47. اونچی دوکان پھیکا پکوان*
Ounchi duyan Pheika pakwan
Great cry little wool

*48. بھینس کے آگے بین بجانا*
Bhains k Aagy been bajana
Crying in wilderness

*49. چار دن کی چاندنی پھر اندھیری رات*
Char din ki Chandni phir andhairi raat
A nine days wonder

*50. اونٹ کے منہ میں زیرا*
Ounth k moun main Zeera
A drop in the Ocean

*51. نیکی کر دریا میں ڈال*
Naiki kar Darya main daal
Do good & cast in to the river.

*52. لوہا لوہے کو کاٹتا ہے*
Loha Lohay ko Katta hay
Diamonds cut diamonds

*53. اندھوں میں کانا راجہ*
Andhon main Kana Raja
A figure among cyphers

*54. جان ہے تو جہان ہے*
jaan hay to jahan hay
Only if you are alive, things matter

*55. بخل میں چھری منہ پے رام رام*
Baghal main Churi moun pay ram ram
A wolf in lamb’s clothing

*56. نیم حکیم خطرہ جان*
Neem hakeem khatra jaan
A little Knowledge is a dangerous thing

*57. لکیر کا فقیر*
Lakeer ka Fakeer
To go about the same old beaten path

*58. بچہ بغل میں ڈھنڈورا شہر میں*
Bacha Baghal main Dhindhora shehar main
Child is in the armpit, chaos in the city

*59. تیل دیکھو تیل کی دھار دیکھو*
Tail dakho tail ki Dhar dekho
Watch the oil and watch it pour

*60. سانپ بھی مر جائے، لاٹھی بھی نہ ٹوٹے*
Sanmp bhi mar jay, lathi bhi na totay
The snake dies and the club doesn’t break

*61. ایک تیر سے دو شکار*
Aik teer say doo Shikar
Two hunts with one arrow

*62. بوڑھی گھوڑی لال لگام*
Borhi Ghori laal lagam
Old mare red reigns

*63. بھاگتے چور کی لنگوٹی ہی سہی*
Bhagtay Chor ki langoti hi sahi
Some thing is better than nothing.

*64. پتھر پے لکیر*
Pathar pay Lakeer
Line on the rock

*65. دودھ کا دودھ پانی کا پانی*
Doodh ka doodh pani ka pani.
Milk of milk, Water of water

*66. ضرورت ایجاد کی ماں ہے*
zaroorat ejad ki maan hai
Necessity is a mother of invention

*67. چور کا بھائی گٹھ کترا*
Chor ka bahi Gath Kutra
They agree like pick-pockets in a fair

*68. عقلمند اپنے ہی پھندے میں نہیں پھنستا*
Akalmand apnay hi phanday main nahi pahsta
A fox never dies in the dirt of his own

*69. کتاب ایک ایسا دوست ہے جو کبھی دھوکہ نھیں دیتا*
Kitab aik asa dost hay jo kabhi dhoka nahi daita A book is a friend that never deceives

*70. جو کم سوچتے ہیں وہی زیادہ بولتے ہیں*
Jo Kam sochty han wohi ziyada bolty han
The less people think the more they talk

*71. دِل میں زہر زبان پر شہد*
Dil main zehar zuban par shahd
Many kiss the hand they wish cut off

*72. مَری ہُوئی مَکّھی سے شہد نہیں نکلتا*
Mari hue makhi say shahd nahi nikalta
A dead bee make no honey

*73. ایک انار سو بیمار*
Aik anaar so bemar
One post and a hundred candidates

*74. دوست راہ چلتے نہیں بنتے*
Dost rah chaltay nahi bantay
Friendship is to be bought at a fair

*75. ننگی کیا نہاۓ گی, کیا نچوڑے گی*
Nangi kya nhay gee, kya nachoray gee
No one can strip a naked person

*76. جِس نے کی شرم اس کے پھوٹے کرم*
Jis nay kee sharm us kay photay karam
The modesty will be the ruin of you

*77. شرافت نیت سے ہے*
Shirafat neeyat say hay
The mind ennobles not the blood

*78. ٹال مٹول کام شیطان کا ہے*
Tal matool kaam shetan ka hay
When God says today, the devil says tomorrow

*79. ایک کو سائی ۔ دوسرے کو بدھائی*
Aik ko saai dosray ko badhai
To invite one and feast another

*80. ایک مچھلی سارے جال کو گندا کرتی ہے*
aik machli saray jal ko ghanda karti hay
A single sinner sink the boat

*81. نو نقد نہ تیرہ اُدھار*
Nou naqad na taira udhar
Batter an egg today than a hen tomorrow

*82. بھلا جو چاہے آپ کا ۔ دینا نہ رکھے باپ کا*
bhala jo chahay aap ka dena na rakhay baap ka
Out of debit, out of danger

*83. بھٹ پڑے وہ سونا جِس سے ٹوٹیں کان*
Bhat paray wo sona jis say totain kaan
Better cut the shoe than pinch the foot

*84. پھول میں کانٹا ہے*
Phool main kanta hay
Honey is sweet but the bee stings

*85. سیوا بن میوا کہاں*
Saiva bin maiva kahan
No pains no gains

*86. کاہل فقیر کا بھائی*
Kahil faqeer ka bhai
The slothful man is the beggar’s brother

*87. بھو سے بغیر اناج نہیں*
Bhosay baghair anaj nahi
No corn without chaff

*88. دوڑنے سے پہلے چلنا سیکھو*
Dhornay say pehlay chalna sekho
Creep before you gang

*89. مان نہ مان میں تیرا مہمان*
Maan na maan main tera mehmaan
Whether you recognize me or not i am your guest

*90. کوٹھی والا روۓ چھپر والا سوۓ*
Kothi wala roey chapar wala soey
Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown

*91. خالی باتوں سے بھی کہیں پیٹ بھرتا ہے*
Khali batoon say bhi kahin pait bharta hay
Do not give me words instead of meal

*92. مُفت کی شراب قاضی پر حلال*
Muft key sharab qazi per hlaal
An empty door will tempt a saint

*93. ایک اور ایک گیارہ*
Aik aur aik gyara
Union is strength

*94. شتابی میں خرابی ہے*
Shetabi main Khrabi hay
Error is always in hassle

*95. سارے انڈے ایک ہی ٹوکری میں مت رکھو*
Saray anday aik hi tokri main mat rakho
Do not put all your eggs in one basket

*96. سر منڈاتے ہی اولے پڑے*
Sar mundhatay hi olay paray
A poor man’s rain

*97. بڑھاپے کی مفلسی سب سے بُری*
Barhapay ki muflisi sab say buri
Poverty on an old man’s back is a heavy burden

*98. یہ منہ اور مسور کی دال*
Ye moun aur masoor ki daal
Honey is not for the ass’s mouth

*99. ہمت مرداں مددِ خُدا*
Himat-e- mardan madad-e-khuda
God helps those who helps himself

*100. آسمان سے گرا کھجور میں اٹکا*
Asmaan say ghera khajoor main atka
Out of the frying pan into the fire...

*Take' Idioms* *information department

*Take' Idioms*
   *information department*

(1) Take a back seat; To be second to someone or something; to be less important or have a lower priority.

(2) Take a bath; To lose a large amount of money in an investment.

(3) Take a bite;  To eat a quick, light snack.

(4) ) Take a bow; To accept praise, as performers in a theater at the end of their act,to end a performance; to leave.

(5) Take a breather; To take a break; to pause or relax briefly.

(6) Take a chance; To risk; to try something risky.

(7) Take a dive; To feign a knockout in order to lose intentionally.

(8) Take a flyer;  To invest against odds,to make a choice with an uncertain outcome; to take a chance.

(9) Take a gander; To take a look; to check or examine.

(10) Take a hike; To go away,to leave or depart.

(11) Take a joke; To accept a joke at one's expense.

(12) Take a look; To examine or observe.

(13) Take a powder; To leave in hurry ,run away without talking leave/ notifying anyone to avoid something unpleasant/ shirking responsibility.

(14) Take a wife; To marry a woman.

(15) Take a tumble; To fall in price or value.

(16) Take a stand;  To assert an opinion or viewpoint; to defend one's point of view or beliefs.

(17) Take a stab at;  To attempt or try, to guess.

(18) Take a shit; To fail or malfunction, to defecate.

(19) Take a turn for the better; To start to become better; to improve.

(20) Take aim; To direct criticism (towards).

What to do at an Interview

*What to do at an Interview?:*

1. *Carry your CV and other required documents in a folder*. Documents such as: mark sheets, salary slips, key certificates, experience letters (if applicable).
(اپنا سی وی اور دیگر دستاویزات اپنے ساتھ لے کر جائیں۔ دیگر دستاویزات جیسے: آپ کی مارک شیٹ، سرٹیفیکیٹ، اور اگر آپ نے پہلے کہیں کام کیا ہے تو اس کا لیٹر۔)

*2. Dress smartly*. Before going for an interview, practice in front of a mirror.
(اچھے سے تیار ہوں اور آئینے کے سامنے مشق ضرور کریں۔)

3. *Reach the interview venue before time*. It helps you look around and relax a bit.
(انٹرویو کی جگہ پر جلدی پہنچیں، اس سے آپ کو آس پاس دیکھنے کا موقعہ ملے گا اور آپ تناؤ سے آزاد ہوں گے۔)

4. *Read about the company and the job profile, so that you could connect your skills to the profile you are applying for*.
(کمپنی اور وہاں اپنے کام کے بارے میں ضرور پڑھیں، اس سے آپ انٹرویو کے وقت اپنی مہارتوں کے بارے میں اچھے سے بات کر پائیں گے۔)

5. *Know your CV well*. You should know each and every point on the CV.
(اپنا سی وی اچھے سے پڑھیں۔ آپ کو اپنے سی وی پر سب کچھ پتہ ہونا چاہیے۔)

6. *Prepare a file for all the documents and keep everything in order, so that you do not look clumsy in front of the interviewer*.
(اپنے سب دستاویزات کو ایک فائل میں رکھیں۔ سب کچھ جما کر رکھیں تا کہ آپ انٹرویو لینے والے کے سامنے ہڑبڑائیں نہ۔)

7. *When answering questions, make eye contact. It shows confidence*.
(سوالوں کے جواب دیتے وقت انٹرویو لینے والے سے آنکھیں ملا کر بات کریں۔ یہ خوداعتمادی کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔)

8. *Prepare well for the basic questions like, 'Tell me something about yourself', 'Where do you see yourself in five years?' and 'What are your strengths and weaknesses?*
(بنیادی سوالوں کے لیے پہلے سے تیار رہیں۔ جیسے: ’اپنے بارے میں کچھ بتاؤ‘، ’آپ اپنے کو 5 سال میں کہاں دیکھتے ہیں؟‘، ’آپ کی کمزوریاں اور خوبیاں کیا ہیں؟‘)

9. *If you do not understand a question, request the interviewer to elaborate more*.
(اگر آپ کو سوال سمجھ نہ آئے تو انٹرویو لینے والے سے اسے تفصیل سے بتانے کو کہیں۔)

10. *Greet everyone when you go in, and request for permission to be seated before you sit*.
(اندر جانے پر سب کوسلام کریں۔ بیٹھنے سے پہلے اجازت لیں)

*Let's have (120) Synonyms and Antonyms:*

*Let's have (120) Synonyms and Antonyms:*

1. *Above* = below
2. *Absent* = present
3. *Accident* = intent
4. *Accomplishment* =failure
5. *Achieve* = fail
6. *Add* = subtract
7. *Adjacent* = distant
8. *Admire* = detest
9. *Admit* = reject
10. *Adore* = hate
11. *Advance* = retreat
12. *Affirm* = deny
13. *Afraid* = confident
14. *After* = before
15. *Aid* = hinder
16. *Alarm* = comfort
17. *Alert* = asleep
18. *Alive* = dead
19. *Allow* = forbid
20. *Alone* = together
21. *Amateur* = professional
22. *Amuse* = bore
23. *Ancient* = modern
24. *Annoy* = soothe
25. *Answer* = question
26. *Apparent* = obscure
27. *Argue* = agree
28. *Arrive* = depart
29. *Arrogant* = humble
30. *Ascend* = descend
31. *Attack* = defend
32. *Attract* = repel
33. *Awake* = asleep
34. *Awkward* = graceful
35. *Back* = front
36. *Bad* = good
37. *Beautiful* = ugly
38. *Before* = after
39. *Bent* = straight
40. *Better* = worse
41. *Big* = little
42. *Birth* = death
43. *Bitter* = sweet
44. *Black* = white
45. *Blunt* = sharp
46. *Body* = soul
47. *Bold* = timid
48. *Bottom* = top
49. *Brave* = cowardly
50. *Break* = repair
51. *Brief* = long
52. *Bright* = dull
53. *Bring* = remove
54. *Boy* = girl
55. *Busy* = idle
56. *Buy* = sell
57. *Capture* = release
58. *Cause* = effect
59. *Cautions* = careless
60. *Center* = edge
61. *Change* = remain
62. *Cheap* = expensive
63. *Child* = adult
64. *Chilly* = warm
65. *Clean* = dirty
66. *Close* = open
67. *Cold* = hot
68. *Command* = obey
69. *Complex* = simple
70. *Compliment* = insult
71. *Constant* = variable
72. *Continue* = interrupt
73. *Cool* = warm
74. *Copy* = original
75. *Countrymen* = foreigner
76. *Crazy* = sane
77. *Crooked* = straight
78. *Cruel* = kind
79. *Cry* = laugh
80. *Curse* = bless
81. *Damage* = improve
82. *Dark* = light
83. *Dawn* = sunset
84. *Day* = night
85. *Deep* = shallow
86. *Destroy* = create
87. *Difficult* = easy
88. *Dim* = bright
89. *Divide* = unite
90. *Doubt* = trust
91. *Drunk* = sober
92. *Dull* = sharp
93. *Dumb* = smart
94. *Earth* = sky
95. *Easy* = hard
96. *Elementary* = advanced
97. *End* = begin
98. *Even* = odd
99. *Evening* = morning
100. *Evil* = good
101. *Exceptional* = common
102. *Expand* = shrink
103. *Fail* = pass
104. *Failure* = success
105. *False* = true
106. *Famous* = unknown
107. *Fancy* = plain
108. *Fast* = slow
109. *Fat* = thin
110. *Fiction* = fact
111. *Find* = lose
112. *Finish* = start
113. *Firm* = flabby
114. *Fix* = break
115. *Follow* = lead
116. *Forgive* = blame
117. *Forward* = backward
118. *Fresh* = stale
119. *Free* = restricted
120. *Friend* = enemy

شخصیت سے متعلق الفاظ:*

*Personality Related Words:*
*شخصیت سے متعلق الفاظ:*

Today, we will learn about different types of personality and other words that are related to them.
آج، ہم مختلف طرح کی شخصیت اور ان سے متعلق الفاظ سیکھیں گے:

*1. Intelligent*
*ذہین*

i) Gifted
قدرتی قابلیت والا
ii) Brainy
ذہین
iii) Genius
انتہائی قابلیت والا
iv) Clever
چالاک
v) Bright
ذہین

*2. Lazy*
*کاہل*
i) Idle
سست
ii) Sluggish
کاہل
iii) Indolent
کام چور
iv) Slothful
سست

*3. Hardworking*
*محنتی*

i) Diligent
مستقل مزاج
ii) Determined
پرعزم
iii) Meticulous
محتاط؛ باریک بین
iv) Thorough
انتہائی محتاط

*4. Unfriendly*
*غیردوستانہ*

i) Mean
بیہودہ
ii) Frosty
سردمہر
iii) Cold
بے رحم
iv) Distant
دور
v) Surly
بدمزاج

*5. Friendly*
*دوستانہ*

i) Gracious
شائستہ
ii) Affable
خوش اخلاق
iii) Sociable
ملنسار
iv) Welcoming
پرخلوص؛ پرتپاک

*6. Shy*
*شرمیلا*

i) Reserved
شرمیلا؛ محجوب
ii) Bashful
جھینپو؛ شرمیلا
iii) Inhibited
کُچھ کرنے یا کہنے کے بارے میں غیر پراعتماد
iv) Withdrawn
کنارہ کش
v) Timid
بزدل

*7. Dull*
*بیکار*

i) Boring
بیزار کن
ii) Tedious
اکتا دینے والا
iii) Unexciting
بے لطف

*8. Funny*
*مزاحیہ*

i) Witty
خوش پوش
ii) Hilarious
مزاحیہ
iii) Humorous
مزاحیہ
iv) Comical
مزاحیہ

*9. Stupid*
*احمق*

i) Silly
بے وقوف
ii) Idiot
کند ذہن؛ بیوقوف
iii) Dumb
کم عقل
iv) Thick
احمق

*#DAWN NEWS Vocabulary

*#DAWN NEWS Vocabulary#*

*WORDS / Meanings#*

1. *Candid* / Straight forward
2. *Caitiff* / Cowardly
3. *Bravo* / Well done
4. *Callosity* / The state of being hard and insensible.
5. *Canon* / Any rule or law
6. *Carnage* / Massacre
7. *Clan* / A tribe
8. *Clemency* / Mercy
9. *Clement* / Compassionate
10. *Coagulant* / Producing Coagulation
11. *Castigate* / To punish
12. *Carnal* / Sensual
13. *Cede* / To pass title to
14. *Causal* / Accidental, by chance
15. *Charlatan* / A quack
16. *Comely* / Handsome
17. *Cohesion* / Consistency
18. *Comical* / Funny
19. *Cognate* / Akin
20. *Conjoin* / To unite
21. *Lithe* / Flexible
22. *Lackadaisical* / Lazy
23. *Judicious* / bb fair, Wise
24. *Jaded* / Tired, bored
25. *Irreverence* / Lack of respect
26. *Irresolute* / Lacking firmness of Purpose
27. *Jeopardize* / Put at risk
28. *Irony* / Something unexpected
29. *Litigious* / Seeking legal remedies
30. *Knack* / Trick, Skill
31. *Lucid* / Clear, Explained
32. *Magnanimous* / Generous minded
33. *Mandatory* / Compulsory
34. *Manifesto* / Statement of Values
35. *Legitimate* / To make legal
36. *Manipulative* /Deceptive
37. *Mercenary* / Seeking money above all else
38. *Momentous* / of great Importance
39. *Morbidity* / Concern with death & disease
40. *Miffed* / Annoyed, vex
41. *Convergence* /Coming together
42. *Negate* / Wipe out
43. *Flag* / To lose Energy
44. *Remiss* / Neglectful
45. *Ratify* / Give Approval to (official)
46. *Retraction* / Removal, taking back
47. *Salvageable* / Can be Saved
48. *Scrutinize* / Examine carefully
49. *Resolute* / Firm of Purpose
50. *Sedate* / Calm, Placid
51. *Sermonize* / Give moral lecture
52. *Shroud* / A Cover for dead body
53. *Slipshod* / Careless, Untidy
54. *Serene* / Peaceful
55. *Sedulous* / Through, Eager
56. *Secluded* / Lonely, Isolated
57. *Solace* / Comfort
58. *Somber* / Gloomy
59. *Squander* / Waste
60. *Sophistry* / Devious Logic
61. *Manifesto* / Statement of Values
62. *Miffed* / Annoyed, Vex
63. *Modicum* / Tiny Amount
64. *Concord* / Agreement
65. *Cognitions* / Mental Knowledge
66. *Mandatory* / Compulsory
67. *Consummate* / Supremely good
58. *Copious* / In Large Amount
59. *Cumulative* / Building up
60. *Debilitate* / Weaken
61. *Dearth* / Shortage, Lacking
62. *Deleterious* / Harmful
63. *Derided* / Mocked
64. *Dilatory* / Slow, Sluggish
65. *Disparaging* / Critical
66. *Discernment* / Judgement
67. *Occlusion* / Shutting out
68. *Overhaul* / Renovate, examine
69. *Pathos* / Sadness, Gloomy
70. *Penchant* / Tendency, liking, Leaning toward
71. *Invocation* / Prayer
72. *Irony* / Something unexpected
73. *Integrity* / Honor, honesty
74. *Insolence* / Lack of respect
75. *Insular* / Narrow minded
76. *Circumstantial* / Accidental
77. *Judicious* / Fair, Wise
78. *Irreverence* / Lack of respect
79. *Lithe* / Flexible, Supple
80. *Jaded* / Tired, bored
81. *Knack* / Trick, Skill
82. *Litigious* / Seeking legal remedies
83. *Lucid* / Clear, Explanied
84. *Mandate* / Permission
85. *Mandatory* / Compulsory
86. *Manifesto* / Statement of Values
87. *Miffed* /Annoyed, Vex
88. *Modicum* / Tiny amount
89. *Coerce* / Compel, Force
90. *Cognitions* / Mental knowledge
91. *Yen* / A strong Desire or inclinations
92. *Woebegone* / Woeful
93. *Wraith* / A ghost, Something insubstantial or shadowy
94. *Winsome* / Light-hearted
95. *Wheedle* / To entice by soft words
96. *Wag* / A Wit
97. *Voluptuary* / A Sensualist
98. *Vociferous* / Making a loud out cry
99. *Visage* / Appearance, Aspect
100. *Vivify* / To animate
101. *Vim* / Energy, Vigor
102. *Vicissitude* / A change in condition or fortune
103. *Verbose* / Wordy
104. *Venial* / Capable of being forgiven
105. *Urbane* / Polite, Refined
106. *Ukase* / An edict
107. *Ubiquitous* /Being Everywhere
108. *Uxoriouz* / Excessively fond of
109. *Vainglory* / Empty pride
110. *Tutelary* / Guardian, protecting
111. *Depression* / A falling of the spirits
2. #Deponent Laying down
3. #Deplete To reduce or lessen , or waste
4. #Disagree To be opposite in opinion
5. #Designate To select or appoint , as by authority.
6. #Disapprove To regard with blame
7. #Despite In spite of
8. #Discomfit To put to confusion
9. #Discreet Judicious
10. #Diacritical Marking ba difference
11. #Diabolic Characterstic of the devil
12. #Devout Religion
13. #Dishonest Untrustworthy
14. #Disrepute A bad name or character
15. #Evasion Escape
16. #Excel To be superior or distinguished
17. #Expend To spend
18. #Expeditious Speedy
19. #Exposition Formal Presentation
20. #Expulsion Forcible ejection
1. #Abrogate To abolish , Repeal
2. #Abhorrent Very repugnant , hateful
3. #Addle To make inefficient or worthless
4. #Adhere To Stick fast or together
5. #Amity Friendship
6. #Amenable Willing and ready to submit
7. #Amorous Having a propensity for falling in love
8. #Agitate To move or excite ( the feelings or thoughts)
9. #Agglomerate To pile or heap together
10. #Aggress To Make the first attack
11. #Aggrieve To give

*MODEL VERBS

*MODEL VERBS* ✍

✍ CAN
🔍  Ability , Request

✍ COULD
🔍 Past Ability, Suggestion

✍ MAY
🔍 Permission or future possibility

✍ MIGHT
🔍 Present or future possibility

✍ MUST
🔍 Necessity or obligation

✍ OUGHT TO
🔍 What's Right and Correct

✍ SHALL
🔍 Offer or Suggestion

✍ SHOULD
🔍 Advice or uncertain prediction

✍ WILL
🔍 Willingness Certain prediction or promise.

✍ WOULD
🔍 Request, Invitation or making Arrangements.

...................... ☆☆☆☆☆☆
🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹

*#How to Improve English

*#How to Improve English Pronunciation#*
🌟◼🌟◼🌟◼🌟◼🌟◼🌟◼🌟◼🌟◼🌟◼🌟◼

There are no shortcuts to perfect pronunciation, however there are some ways you can practise more effectively and improve your skills faster. Follow our nine top tips, start improving your pronunciation today and take a step closer towards your goal of perfect English pronunciation.

➡⭐ 1- *Listen to Yourself*

➡⭐2- *Slow Down*

➡⭐3- *Picture it…*

➡⭐4- *Get Physical*

➡⭐5- *Watch Yourself*

➡⭐6- *Copy the Experts*
➡⭐7- *Practice English Alone*

➡⭐8- *Find a Language Buddy*

➡⭐9- *Pay Attention to Intonation & Stress*
================

⏩♦1. *#Listen to Yourself#*
It’s often difficult to hear pronunciation errors in your own speech because you are concentrating actually communicating rather than the sound you are making. If you can’t hear your pronunciation problems, it’s tough to correct them. Try recording your speech with your smartphone or PC and making a note of specific areas you need to improve on.
=============

⏩♦2- *#Slow Down!#*
Many English learners think that speaking fluently means they need to speak fast. This is wrong. Speaking too fast reinforces bad habits and makes the speaker sound nervous and indecisive. Speaking slowly will give you time to breathe properly and think about what you want to say next. Because it gives you time to think while you are speaking, you’ll feel more relaxed and be able to concentrate on making your English sound fantastic.
==============

⏩♦3- *#Picture it…#*
Close your eyes and think about how to make a sound before saying it. Visualize the positioning of your mouth and face. If you have studied with the phonemic chart, think about the sound you are making and how it relates to other English phonemes. If you have used diagrams of the mouth and tongue, think about the shape you need to make inside your mouth if you want to make the sound correctly.
==============

⏩♦4- *#Get Physical#*
Pronunciation is a physical skill. You’re teaching your mouth a new way to move and using different muscles. Focus on difficult sounds each day. Having trouble with ‘th’? Put your tongue between your teeth (don’t bite down) and blow air out of your mouth. Feel the air move over the top of your tongue.
================

⏩♦5- *#Watch Yourself#*
Stand in front of a mirror to see the placement of your tongue, lips, and shape of your mouth when you make certain sounds. Compare what you see with a video of a native-speaker saying the same thing.
===================

⏩♦6- *#Copy the Experts#*
There’s no replacement for learning pronunciation from the experts – native-speakers. So listen! Listen to English radio programs and watch television and movies in English. Imitate what you’re hearing – even if you’re not sure what they’re saying yet.
===============

⏩♦7- *#Practice English Alone#*
Pronunciation problems persist because we’re afraid to make mistakes. Create scenarios – meeting someone for the first time, ordering at a restaurant, asking for directions – then act out the dialogue by yourself. Don’t be shy.
==================

⏩♦8- *#Find a Language Buddy#*
Getting feedback from an outside observer is crucial. Find a friend who’s also interested in improving their English. Try exchanging recorded messages so you can listen closely to each other’s pronunciation.
===================

⏩♦9- *#Pay Attention to Intonation & Stress#*
Good pronunciation is more than just mastering individual sounds. It’s also understanding intonation (the rise and fall of the voice) and stress (some sounds in words and some words in sentences are louder or clearer than others). Read poems, speeches and songs aloud, concentrating on the word stress and
=============

Give each of these tips a try next time you have a chance and find out which of them works best for you. Remember, none of them is an instant fix but they will all help you reach your goals as part of regular practice.
🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲

English Contractions

➡◀English Contractions▶⬅

aren’t = are not
can’t = cannot
could’ve = could have
couldn’t = could not
didn’t = did not
doesn’t = does not
don’t = do not
gonna = going to
gotta = got to, got a
hadn’t = had not
hasn't = has not
haven't = have not
he’d = he had, he would
he’ll = he shall, he will
he’s = he has, he is
how’d = how did, how would
how’ll = how will
how’s = how has, how is
I’d = I had, I would
I’ll = I shall / I will
I’m = I am
I’ve = I have
isn’t = is not
it’d = it would
it’ll = it shall, it will
it’s = it has, it is
mightn’t = might not
might’ve = might have
mustn’t = must not
must’ve = must have
needn't = need not
she’d = she had / she would
she’ll = she shall, she will
she’s = she has, she is
should’ve = should have
shouldn’t = should not
somebody’s = somebody is
someone’d = someone had, someone would
someone’ll = someone shall, someone will
someone’s = someone has, someone is
something’d = something had
something’ll = something shall, something will
something’s = something has, something is
that’ll = that will
that’s = that has, that is
that’d = that would, that had
there’d = there had, there would
there’d’ve = there would have
there’re = there are
there’s = there has / there is
they’d = they would
they’d’ve = they would have
they’ll = they shall, they will
they’re = they are
they’ve = they have
wasn’t = was not
we’d = we had
we’ll = we will
we’re = we are
we’ve = we have
weren’t = were not
what’ll = what will
what’re = what are
what’s = what has / what is
what’ve = what have
when’s = when is
where’d = where did
where’s = where has, where is
where’ve = where have
who’d = who would
who’d’ve = who would have
who’ll = who shall, who will
who’re = who are
who’s = who has, who is
who’ve = who have
why'd = why did
why’re = why are
why’s = why has, why is
won’t = will not
won’t’ve = will not have
would’ve = would have
wouldn’t = would not
wouldn’t’ve = would not have
you’d’ve = you would have
you’ll = you shall, you will

ways to Apologies

*Ways to Apologies:*
*معافی مانگنے کے طریقے:*

Sorry!
معذرت!

Pardon
معاف کریں۔

I beg your pardon
میں آپ کی معافی چاہتا ہوں۔

I am terribly sorry
مجھے انتہائی دکھ ہے۔

I am sorry
مجھے دکھ ہے۔

I am really sorry
مجھے حقیقت میں دکھ ہے۔

I am awfully sorry
میں انتہائی دکھی ہوں۔

Excuse me
مجھے معاف کریں۔

Excuse me, please
برائے مہربانی، مجھے معاف کریں۔

I didn't mean that
میں وہ نہیں چاہتا تھا

My mistake
غلطی سے

I was mistaken
میں غلطی پر تھا۔

I messed up
میری وجہ سے الجھن پیدا ہو گئی۔

I made an error
مجھ سے غلطی ہو گئی۔

Just a moment, please
برائے مہربانی، بس ایک لمحہ۔

Wait one minute
ایک منٹ انتظار کریں۔

This will take a second
اس میں ایک سیکنڈ لگے گا۔

This will take a minute
اس میں ایک منٹ لگے گا۔

Please wait for a second
برائے مہربانی ایک سیکنڈ انتظار کریں۔

Hold on for a second
ایک سیکنڈ رکیں۔

Excuse me a moment
مجھے ایک لمحہ کے لیے معاف کریں۔

Am I disturbing you?
میں آپ کے کام میں خلل ڈال رہا ہوں؟

Is this a good time?
کیا یہ ٹھیک وقت ہے؟

Are you busy?
کیا آپ مشغول ہیں؟

Am I intruding?
کیا میں مداخلت کر رہا ہوں؟

Am I bothering you?
کیا میں آپ کو پریشان کر رہا ہوں؟

That's my fault
غلطی میری ہے۔

Sorry, I wasn't paying attention
معذرت، میں توجہ نہیں دے رہا تھا۔
Sorry, I was negligent
معذرت، میں غافل تھا۔

It's my fault
یہ میری غلطی ہے۔

It was careless of me.
میں نے لاپروائی کی۔

I'm to blame
الزام مجھ پر آنا چاہئے۔

I did that, sorry
معذرت، وہ مجھ سے سرزد ہوا۔

I did it, sorry
معذرت، اسے میں نے کیا۔