education MCQ

Council of Technical Education for pakistan would be established 1947
Compulsory Physical Education in Schools 1947
A Central Institute of Islamic Research would be established 1947
Advisory Board of Education would be established 1947
Inter University Board would be established 1947
A scheme would be prepared for the setting up of National Library and Museum in Pakistan 1947
Overseas Scholarship Scheme would be started 1947
Industrial Homes for Women would be established 1947
Possible use of Educational Broadcast and Educational Films would be made at all stages of education 1947
University Act / Ordinance would be Amended 1959
National Cadet Core would be established 1959
Pilot Schools Scheme would be introduced 1959
Comprehensive Schools Scheme would be introduced 1959
New Boards would be established at Peshawar, Hyderabad and Rajshahi 1959
Secondary Education would be Seperated From University Education 1959
University Grants Commission was proposed 1959
Text Boards for curriculum and text book improvement would be established 1959
Committee of Advanced Studies at each University would be established 1959
No New Government and Private Colleges would be started 1970
Participation of Students in Management of Institutes would be encouraged 1970
Divisions and Classes would be abolished 1970
Public Examination would he held at 7th, 10th, 11th and Degree classes 1970
No Fees would be charged to Children at Primary Schools and Girls would not pay any Fee at Middle Schools 1970
Five Seperate Administrative Establishments at Provincial Level Outside the Govermment Secretariat For School Education, College Education, Adult Education, Uni Education and Vocational Education would be established 1970
Universities would be Autonomous in Finance, Administration and Streamlinig of Internal Administration 1970
Academic Council and Senate at University Level would be established 1970
Book Boards for Books and Curricula Development would be established 1970
National Education Core would be established 1970
Mendatory Military Training for Girls and Boys ( students) 1972
Centres of Excellence in Universities would be established 1972
Inter University Board would be emerged in University Grants Commission 1972
Book Banks would be established 1972
New Universities would be established at Multan, Sakhar and Saidu Sharif 1972
New BISE would be established at Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Bahawalpur, Khanpur and Saidu Sharif 1972
People’s Open University (AIOU) would be established 1972
Nationalization of Private Institutes 1972
Rooting up of Literacy was stressed 1972-80
Seperate Chapters on Elementary and Adult Education were discussed 1972-80
University Grants Commission would be established 1972
University Act / Ordinance would be Replaced 1972
National Service Core would be established 1972
National Institute of Pakistan Studies at Islamabad University would be established 1972
National Curriculum Bureau would be established 1972
National Book Foundation would be established 1972
National Research Fellowship would be introduced 1972
National Professorship Programme would be started 1972
National Sports Trust would be established 1972
National Students Centre would be established 1978
National Centre for Science Education would be established 1978
National Institute of Educational Research would be established 1978
National Council on Adult Education at AIOU would be established 1978
Guidance and Counciling Service would be introduced 1978
An Academy of Educational Planning and Management would be established 1978
National Educational Council would be established 1978
Bureau of Placement would be established 1978
Masjid Maktab School Scheme would be started 1978
School Uniform prescribed 1978
Mathematics would be introduced as a Compulsory Subject 1978
Shariah Faculty in Islamic University would be established 1978
Book Bank Scheme would be re casted 1978
Admission Committees would be constituted 1978

English Literary Term

English Literary Terms
1. Auto-Biography: -is the history of one’s life written by one self.
2. Act: - is the major division of a drama.
3. Antithesis: -is contrast or polarity in meaning.
4. Allusion: -is a reference to an idea, place, person or text existing outside the literary work.
5. Allegory: - is a literary work that has an implied meaning.
6. Alliteration:-the repetition of a consonant in two or more words.
7. Ballad: -is a song which tells a story.
8. Biography: -is the history of a person’s life by one else.
9. Blank Verse: -Verses written in iambic pentameter without any rhyme pattern are called blank verse.
10. Comedy:-is a play written to entertain its audience, ends happily.
11. Classical:-means any writing that conforms to the rules and modes of old Greek and Latin writings.
12. Canto:-is a sub-division of an epic or a narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.
13. Chorus:-is a group of singers who stand alongside the stage in a drama.
14. Catharsis:-is emotional release of pity and fear that the tragic incidences in a tragedy arouse to an audience.
15. Comic relief:-a humorous scene in a tragedy to eliminate the tragic effect from audience.
16. Couplet:-To lines of the same material length usually found in Shakespearean sonnets.
17. Catastrophe:-Catastrophe is the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy.
18. Didactic:-is a literary work which aims at teaching and instructing its readers.
19. Dirge:-is a short functional term.
20. Diction:-is the selection of words in literary work.
21. Dialect:-is the language of particular district; class or a group of people.
22. Drammatical Monologue:-In a poem when a single person speaks along with or without an audience is called drammatical monologue. Example “My last Duchess”-----Br
owning.
23. Difference between drama and novel:-A drama is meant to be performed whereas a novel is meant to be read.
24. Difference between stanza and paragraph:-A stanza contains verses whereas a paragraph contains prosaic lines.
25. Epic:-is a long narrative poem composed on a grand scale and is exalted style. Example “Paradise Lost”-------Milton.
26. Epilogue:-is the concluding part of a longer poem or a novel or a drama.
27. Fable:-is a brief story illustrating a moral.
28. Farce:-A form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter.
29. Foot:-A basic unit of meter.
30. Fiction:-A fiction is an imaginative narrative in prose e.g.
Lord of the fly—by Golding.
31. Elegy:- is a poem mourning to the death of an individual or a lament for a tragic event.
32. Genre:-means category or types of literature-epic, ode, ballad etc.
33. Hyperbole:-An overstatement or exaggeration.
34. Image:-is the mental picture connected with metaphor, smile and symbol.
35. Limerick:-is a short poem of a five-line stanza rhyming aaba.
36. Lyric:-A lyric is a short poem expressing a simple mood. It is usually personal and musical e.g. Keats’s odes.
37. Linguistic:-is the scientific and systematic study of language.
38. Melodrama:-A highly sensational drama with happy ending.
Example ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ –Kyd.
39. Metaphysical Poetry:-Meta means beyond and physical is related to body . . . . . . . . .
40. Mock-epic:-It is a long satirical poem dealing with a trivial theme. Example: “The rape of the lock”-Alexander Pope.
41. Metaphor:-A metaphor is an implicit comparison between two different things.
42. Metre:-The recurrence of similar stress pattern in some lines of a poem.
43. Novel:-is a long prose narrative fiction with plot, characters, etc.
44. Novelette:-is longer than a short story and shorter than a novel.
45. Ode:-is a long narrative poem of varying, line length dealing with serious subject matter.
46. Objectivity:-We have objectivity in a literary piece when the author focuses on an object from broadened point of view.
47. Octave:-is the firs part of Italian sonnet.
48. Oxymoron:-is apparently a physical contrast which oddly makes sense on a deeper level.
49. Prologue:-is the beginning part of a novel or a play or a novel.
50. Prose:-Any material that is not written in a regular meter like a poetry.
51. Prosody:-Prosody is the mechanics or grammar of verse.
52. Protagonist:-Protagonist is the main character in a literary work
53. Plot:-The arrangement of incidents is called plot.
54. Pun:-A pun is playing with words.
55. Periods of English literature:-The Anglo-Saxon, Middle English Renaissance, Restoration, Neoclassical Romantic,
Victorian, Modern, Post-Modern.
56. Romanticism:-was a literary movement. It stands Opposite to reason and focuses on emotion.
57. Rhetoric:-Rhetoric is the art of persuasive argument through writing.
58. Symbol:-A symbol is anything that stands for something else.
59. Sonnet:-is a lyric poem consisting of fourteen rhymed lines dealing with a lofty theme.
60. Satire:-is ridiculing the vices and follies of an individual or a society with a corrective design. E.g. “The rape of the lock”---Pope.

Speaking English

Wow
وااااہ
Wonderful
حیرت انگیز
Attractive
دلکش
Admirable
قابل داد
Marvellous
شان دار
Well said
خوب کہا
Well done
خوب کیا
Good
اچھا
Nice
بہت خوب
Excellent
بہت اچھا
Mind blowing
بہترین
Fabalous
ااااعلٰی
Fantastic
زبردست
Superb
بہت عمدہ
Super
خوب
Speechless
لاجواب
Charming
دلکش
Gorgeous
بہت ہی خوب
Pretty
خوبصورت
Beautiful
حسین
Sweet
اچھا
Cool
بہتر
Interesting
دلچسپ
Outclass
شان دار
Outstanding
اعلٰی
Right
خوب
Dashing
پیارا
Decent
Wow
وااااہ
Wonderful
حیرت انگیز
Attractive
دلکش
Admirable
قابل داد
Marvellous
شان دار
Well said
خوب کہا
Well done
خوب کیا
Good
اچھا
Nice
بہت خوب
Excellent
بہت اچھا
Mind blowing
بہترین
Fabalous
ااااعلٰی
Fantastic
زبردست
Superb
بہت عمدہ
Super
خوب
Speechless
لاجواب
Charming
دلکش
Gorgeous
بہت ہی خوب
Pretty
خوبصورت
Beautiful
حسین
Sweet
اچھا
Cool
بہتر
Interesting
دلچسپ
Outclass
شان دار
Outstanding
اعلٰی
Right
خوب
Dashing
پیارا
Decent
Wow
وااااہ
Wonderful
حیرت انگیز
Attractive
دلکش
Admirable
قابل داد
Marvellous
شان دار
Well said
خوب کہا
Well done
خوب کیا
Good
اچھا
Nice
بہت خوب
Excellent
بہت اچھا
Mind blowing
بہترین
Fabalous
ااااعلٰی
Fantastic
زبردست
Superb
بہت عمدہ
Super
خوب
Speechless
لاجواب
Charming
دلکش
Gorgeous
بہت ہی خوب
Pretty
خوبصورت
Beautiful
حسین
Sweet
اچھا
Cool
بہتر
Interesting
دلچسپ
Outclass
شان دار
Outstanding
اعلٰی
Right
خوب
Dashing
پیارا
Decent
Wow
وااااہ
Wonderful
حیرت انگیز
Attractive
دلکش
Admirable
قابل داد
Marvellous
شان دار
Well said
خوب کہا
Well done
خوب کیا
Good
اچھا
Nice
بہت خوب
Excellent
بہت اچھا
Mind blowing
بہترین
Fabalous
ااااعلٰی
Fantastic
زبردست
Superb
بہت عمدہ
Super
خوب
Speechless
لاجواب
Charming
دلکش
Gorgeous
بہت ہی خوب
Pretty
خوبصورت
Beautiful
حسین
Sweet
اچھا
Cool
بہتر
Interesting
دلچسپ
Outclass
شان دار
Outstanding
اعلٰی
Right
خوب
Dashing
پیارا
Decent
Wow
وااااہ
Wonderful
حیرت انگیز
Attractive
دلکش
Admirable
قابل داد
Marvellous
شان دار
Well said
خوب کہا
Well done
خوب کیا
Good
اچھا
Nice
بہت خوب
Excellent
بہت اچھا
Mind blowing
بہترین
Fabalous
ااااعلٰی
Fantastic
زبردست
Superb
بہت عمدہ
Super
خوب
Speechlesse
لاجواب
Charm

Abbreviation

*Education Related Abbreviations*
#Admin

★ SED: School Education Department
★SLOs: Student Learning Outcomes
★ DRC: District Review/Recruitment Committee
★ ACR: Annual Confidential Report
★ PER: Performance Evaluation Report
★ ETTE: English for Teaching and Teaching for English
★ PD: Program Director/Professional Development
★ CPD: Continuous Professional Day
★ RPM: Regional Program Director
★ TPR: Total Physical Response
★ ABT: Activity Based Teaching
★ ABL: Activity Based Learning
★ STSE: Science Technology Society Environment
★ PITE: Provincial Institute of Teacher Educator
★ SMC: School Management Committee
★ PEELI: Punjab Education English Language Initiative
★ QD: Quality Drive
★ LND: Literacy Numeracy Drive
★ TE: Teacher Educator
★ DTE: District Teacher Educator
★ PEC: Punjab Examination Commission
★ PEEDA: Punjab Employees Efficiency Discipline and Accountability (2006)
★ LPR: Leave Proprietary Retirement
★ PRSO: The Punjab Removal from Service Ordinance (2009)
★ ECE: Early Childhood Education
★ EYE: Early Years of Education
★ CFS: Child Friendly School
★ CCS: Child Centered School
★ NPST: National Professional Standard for Teachers
★ ADU: Academic Development Unit
★ SOP: School Organization Plan
★ QAED: Quaid e Azam Academy for Education Development
★ PMIU: Punjab Monitoring and Implementation Unit
★ MEA: Monitoring and Evaluation Assistant
★ DAO: District Account Office
★ DPI: Director Public Instructions
★ CEO: Chief Executive Officer
★ DEO: District Education Officer
★ EDO: Executive District Officer
★ DMO: District Monitoring Officer
★ Dy DEO: Deputy DEO
★SOLO: Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes
★ DC: Deputy Commissioner
★PST: Primary School Teacher
★EST: Elementary School Teacher
★SSE: Senior Subject Educator
★SST: Secondary School Teacher
★ SS: Subject Specialist
★ SSS: Senior Subject Specialist
★ PEF: Punjab Education Foundation
★FAS: Foundation Assisted Schools
★ EVS: Education Voucher Scheme
★ NSP: New School Program
★ FTF: Frogh e Taleem Fund
★ NSB: Non Salary Budget
★ BM: Benchmark
★ AEO: Assistant Education Officer
★ TPV: Third Party Validation
★ SWOT: Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
★ QA: Quality Assurance
★ DSD: Directorate of Staff Development
★ MVF: Mentoring Visit Form

Chemistry Notes For AEO

NTS  Chemistry Notes for AEO TEST
1.Atoms are the bulding blocks of matter.Atoms are combined to form a molecules.
2.Covlant compounds mostly exist in the form of molecules.
3.Atoms and molecules can either gain or loss electorns , forming charged particles called ions.
4.Metels tenend to loose electrons ,becoming positively charge ions.
5.AMU is Atomic mass unit
6.The atomic mass of an element is determined with reference to the mass of carbon as a standard element and is expressed in amu.
7.The fractional atomic mass can be calculated from the relative abundance of isotopes.
8.The separation and indentification of isotopes can be carried out by mass spectrograph.
9.The compostion of substance is given by its chemical formula.A molecular substance can be presented by its empirical or a molecular formula.The empirical and molecular formula are related through a simple integers.
10.Combustion analysis is one of the techniques to determine the empirical formula and then the molecular formula of a substance bye knowing its molar mass.
11.A mole of any substance is the Avogadro’s number of atoms or molecules or formula units of that substance.
12.The study of quantitative relationship between the reactants and the products in a balanced chemical equation is known as stoichiometry.
13.The theoretical yield of a reaction is the quantity of the product calculated with the help of a balance chemical equation.
14.The actual yield of a reaction is always less than the theritical yield.
15.The efficiency of chemical reaction can be checked by calculating its percentage yield.
AEO Chemistry Notes,,SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
16.The behavior of gas is described through four veriables ..Presure ,volume,temperature and its number of mole.
17.The relationship between gas variables are known as the simple gas laws.
18.Boyle’s law relates pressure of a gas with its volume.In it the pressure and volume are variables while the temperature and quantity of gas remains constant.The volume of gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to pressure applies  V =k/P
19.Charles law relates volume with temperature,was given French scientist in 1787.According of this law The volume of  given mass of a  gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature when pressure is kept constant. V=k/t 
20.Avogadro’s law is concerned with volume and amount of gas.According of this law,equal volums of all the ideal gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
21.The important concept of absolute zero of temperature originates from the simple gas laws.
22.By combination three law’s ( Boyler,Charles,Avogadro),a more general equation about the behavior of gis is obtained..i.e PV=nRT.
23. PV=nRT equation can be solved for any one of the variable when values for others are known.
24. PV=nRT equation can be modified for the determination of molar maseese and the density of the gas.
25.Dalton’s Law of partial pressures can be used to calculate the partial pressure of gases.
26.The process of diffusion and effusion are best understood by Graham’s law of diffusion.
27.Kinetic molecular theory of gases provides a theorical basis for various gas laws.
28.With the help of Kinetic molecular theory of gases a relationship is established between average molecular kinetic energy and kelvin temperature.
29.The diffusion and effusion of gases can be related to their molar masses through the kinetic molecular gases of theory.
30.The real gas show ideal behavior underspecific conditions.They become non-ideal at high and low pressure.The non-ideal behavior results chiefly form intermolar attraction and finite volume accupied by gas molecules.
31.To calculate the pressure of volume of a real gas under the non real conditions ,alternative kinetic equation (Van dar Waal’s Equation) has been developed.
32.The plasma,a forth state of matter,consist of neutral particles,positive ions and negative electrons,99% of known universe is in the plasma state.Plasma was identified by Willian Cookers in 1879.
33.Density of ideal gas PV=m/M(RT)
Chapter No.4 Liquids and Solid FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
34.The intermolecular attractive forces in the gases are negligible.
35.There are four types of intermolecular forces i.e dipole-dipole forces,London dispersion forces,hydrogen bonding and Ion-dipole force.They relative strength of dipole-dipole and dispersion forces depend upon the polarity , polarisability,size and shape of the molecule.
36.Hydrogen bonding occurs in compounds containing O-H,N-H,H-F bounds.
37.The vapor pressure of a liquid measures the tendency of a liquid to evaporate.It is the pressure exerted by the vapours on the surface of a liquid when the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation.A liquid boils when its vapour pressure equal to the rate of external pressure.
38.Many Crystallian solids melt to give a turbid liquid before melting to give a clear liquid.These turbid liquids posses some degree of order and are called liquid crystal.Liquid crystal have the fluidity of liquids and the optical properties of solids.
39.In crystalline solids the particles are arranged in a regular and repeating manner.
40.The essential structural feautures of a crystalline solid can be represented by its unit cell.
41.The three dimensional array of points representing atoms,ions or molecules is called crystal lattice.
42.The points in the crystal lattice represent positions in the structure where they have identical enviornments.
43.The simplest unit cell is a cubic unit cell.There are seven crystal systems over all.(1)Cubic system (2)Tetragonal system(3)Orthorhombic or Rhombic system (4)Monoclinic system (5)Hexagonal system
(6)Rhombohedral or trigonal system (7)Triclinice system
44.Ionic solids are hard and brittle and have high melting points.
45.Covalent solids consist of atoms held together by covalent bonds and these bonds extend throughout the solid.They are hard and have high melting points
46.Metallic solids consist of metal cations immersed in a sea of electrons and give wide range of properties.
47.Molecular solids consist of atoms or molecules held together by intermolecular forces.
48.Dipole-Dipole Forces : The positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of the other molecule and these electronics forces of attraction are called diplole-dipole forces.

Chapter No.4 Liquids and Solid FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
49.In a molecule of HCL ,there is a covalent bond between H and CL which is due to the mutual sharing of electorns.
50.A mixture of substance containing polar and non polar molecules.The positive end of the polar molecule attracts the mobile electrons of the nearby non-polar molecule.In this way polarity in induced.
51.Instantaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces or London Dispersion Forces : It is weaker than dipole-dipole interactions.The strength of these forces depend upon the size of electronic cloud of atom or molecule.When size of the atom or molecule is large then the dispersion becomes easy and forces become more prominent.
52.Hyderogen bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between a highly electronegative atom and partial positively charged hydrogen atom.
53.Soaps and detergents perform the cleansing action because the polar part of their molecules are water soluble due to hydrogen-bonding and non-polar parts remain outside water,because they are alkly or benzyl portions and are insoluble in water.
53.The amount of heat required to vapourize one mole of liquid at its boiling point is called its molar heat of vapourization.Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera District Bhakkar.
54.If physical or a chemical change take place at a constant pressure,then the heat change during this process is called enthalpy change.
55.Some of the crystals show variation in physical properties depending upon the direction.such properties are called anisotropic.
56.The repetition of faces,angles or edges when a crystal is rotated by degree of 360 along its axis is called symmetry.
57.Isomorphism is the phenomenon in which two different substances exist in the same crystalline form.
58. A compound exists in more than one crystalline forms is called polymorphic.
59.The existence of an element in more than one crystalline forms is known as allotrophy.
60.In transition temperature at which two crystalline forms of the same substance can coexist in equilibrium with each other.
61.A crystal lattice is an array of points representing atoms,ions or molecules of a crystal arranged at different sites in three dimensional space.
62.Crystal solids in which the partials forming the crystal are positively and negatively charged ions are called ionic solids.
AEO Chemistry Notes Chapter 5 ( Atomic Structure) FSC Part-1 !!!
63.Itom is made up of extremely small particles.
64.Cathod rays and positive rays were discovered during discharge tube experiments.The properties of cathode rays showed them to be negatively charged particles called electrons,where as positive rays were found to contain positively charged particles called protons.
65.Neutron was discovered through artificial radioactivity.
66.Electorns,protrons and neutrons are regarded as the fundamental particles of an atom.
67.Ratheford discovered the nucleus and successfully explained the presence of moving electrons around the nucles.Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera District Bhakkar
68.in 1905,Planck put forward his famous Planck’s quantum theory.
69.Neil Bohar explain the structure of hydrogen atom by using Planck’s quantum  theory.He also calculated the radius and energy of electrons in the nth shell of hydrogen atom.
70.Neil Bohar atom model successfully explain the origin of line spectrum and the lines present in the spectrum of hydrogen atom in the visible and invisible regions.
71.X-rays are produced when rapidly working /moving electrons collide with heavy metal anode in the discharge tube.
72.Moseley discovered a simple relationship between the frequency of x-rays and the atomic number of the target element.
73.De-Brogile discovered wave particle duality of material particles.According to him all material particles in motion have a dual charcter.Davissan and Germer experimentally verified the waves concept of electron.
Chapter No.6 CHEMICAL BONDING FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
74.Atoms combine together due to their inherent tendency to attain the nearest noble gas electronic configuration and the formation of a chemical bond always result in a decrease of energy.
75.The size of an atom is expressed in terms of atomic radius,ionic radus , covalent radius and van der Waals radius.
76.It is necessary to understand thermodynamic properties of elements.The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron form an atom in gaseous state called ionization energy.
77.The Ionic bonds are formed by transfer of electron form one atom to another.
78.Covalent bonds are formed by mutual sharing of electrons between combining atoms.
79.After the formation of a coordinate covalent bond,there is no distinction between a covalent bond and a coordinate covalent bond.
80.A polar covalent bond is formed when atoms having different electronegativity values mutually share their electrons.Due to polarity , bonds become shorter and stronger and dipole moment may develop.
81.According to valence bond theory,the atomic orbitals overlap to form bonds but the individual character of the atomic orbitals are retained.The greater overlap The stronger will be the bond formed.
Chapter No.6 CHEMICAL BONDING FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
82.The VSEPR theory gives information about the general shapes and bond angles of molecules.It is based upon repulsion between bonding and lone pairs of electrons.which tend to remain at maximum distance apart so that interaction between them is minimum.The concept provides an alternative way to explain various geometrical shapes of molecules.
83.The geometrical shapes and bond angles are better explained by different hybridization schemes,where different atomic orbitals are mixed to form hybridorbitals.
84.According to molecular orbital theory,atomic orbitals overlap to form molecular orbitals.
85.The bond energy in defined as the average amount of energy required to break all bonds of particular type in one mole of the substance.It is measure of the strength of the bond.Stronger the dipole of a bond,greater will be the bond energy.
86.The distance between the nuclei of tow atoms forming a covalent bond is called bond length.In general ,It is the sum of covalent radii of the combined atoms.
87.Properties of substances are charachterized by the type of bonds present in them.
88.The diplole moment may be defined as the product of electric charge(q)and the Distance(r) between the two oppositely charged centers.It is a vector quantity as it has magnitude and direction.It plays a major role,in determinating the % age ionic character of covalent bond and the shapes of molecules.It has magnitude and direction.
TOPIC ATMOSPHERE  for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
89.About 99% of atmospheric mass lies within 30 kilometers of the surface and 75% lies within lowest 11 Kilometers.
90.Niterogen is by volume is 78.09 in atmosphere.
91.Oxygen is by volume is 20.94 in atmosphere.
92.Argon is by volume is 00 .93 in atmosphere.
93.Carbon dioxide is by volume is 00.03 in atmosphere.
94.Atmoshere consists of four layer(Spheres)1.Troposhere2.Stratosphere3.Mesosphere4.Thermosphere.
95.In Troposphere , Temperature decreases from 17 C to -58 C extending upto 12 K.M.
96. In Stratosphere, Temperature increases from -58 to 2 C extending from 12 K.M to 50 K.M
97.In Mesosphere , Temperature decreases from 2 C to -93 C extending form 50 K.M to 85 K.M
98.In Thermosphere, increase -93 C extending from 85 K.M to 120 K.M.
99.In Troposphere are nitrogen and oxygen gases.All air crafts fly in this region.
100.Major air Pollutants are classified as primary and secondary pollutants.
101. primary pollutants are the waste or exhaust products driven out because of combination of fossil fules and organic matter.These are oxides of sulpher,carbon,niterogen,nitric,hydrocarbon,ammonia oxide and compound of fluorine.
102.Secondary Pollutants are produced are produced by various reactions of primary pollutants.These are sulphuric acid,Carbonic acid,nitric acid,hydrofluoric acid,ozone and peroxy acetryl nitrature(PAN)
Chapter No.7 THERMOCHEMISTRY FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
103.The study of heat changes accompanying a chemical reaction is known as thermochemistry.
104.The subject matter of thermochemistry is based on the first law of thermodynamics.
105.A process which place on its own without and outside assistance and moves from a non-equilibrium state towards an equilibrium state is termed as spontaneous process or natural process.
106.Spontaneous is unidirectional,irreversible and a real process.
107.Neutralization of a strong acid with a strong base is a spontaneous acid base reaction.
108.Burning of Coal and Hydrogen in air are example of Spontaneous.
109.Non-Spontaneous process is the reserve of the spontaneous process.It does not take place on its own and does not occur in nature.
110.The term system is used for anything (materials) under test in the laboratory or under consideration in the classroom for the purpose of argument.
111.A state function is a macroscopic property of a system which has some definite values for initial and final states,and which is independent of the path adopted to bring about a change.
112.Pressure,Volume,internal energy and enthalpy are state function.
113.Heat is quantity of energy that flows across the boundary of a system during a change in its state due to the difference in temperature between the system and the surroundings.
114.The first law of thermodynamics also called the law of conversion of energy , states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed ,but can be changed from one to another.
TOPIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CHAP#8 FSC PART 1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes!!!
115.The reversible chemical reactions can achieve a state in which the forward and the reverse process are occurring at same rate.it is chemical equilibrium.
116.The concentrations of reactants and products are called equilibrium concentrations and the mixture is called equilibrium mixture.
117.Law of mass action provides the relationship among the concentrations of reactants and products of a system at equilibrium stage.
118.The ratio of concentrations of the products to the concentration of reactants is called equilibrium constant.
119.The equilibrium constants are expressed as Kc,Kp,Kn and Kx.
120.The effect of change of concentration,temperature,pressure or catalyst in a reaction can be studies with the help of Le-Chatelier’s principle.
121.Increasing concentrations of reactants or decreasing concentrations of products or heating of the endothermic reactions shifts the reaction to forward direction.
122.The change of temperature disturbs the equilibrium position and equilibrium constant of reaction.
123.A catalyst decrease the time to reach the equilibrium and does not alter the equilibrium position and equilibrium constant under the given conditions.
124.Water is very weak electrolyte and ionizes to a slight degree.The extent of this a auto ionization is expressed by ionic product of water called Kw,having a value 10 minus 14 at 25 Centigrade.The addition of an acid or base change the H exponent Plus and OH exponent negative ,but the ionic product remains the same at 25 Centigrade.
TOPIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CHAP#8 FSC PART 1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes!!!
125.The concentration of H Plus is expressed in terms of pH and that of OH in terms of pOH.Neutral water has a pH=7 and pOH = 7 the value of pKw is 14 at 25 Centigrade.
126.According to Lowery-Bronsted concept of an acid and a base the conjugate base of strong acid is always weak.
127.Lowery-Bronsted concept: pKa and pKb are the parameters to measure the strengths of acids and bases.Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera Bhakkar
128.Those solutions which resist the change of pH are called buffer solutions.
129.Buffer solutions of pH below 7 are prepared by mixing a weak acid and salt of it.
130.in Buffer solutions with strong base while basic buffers can be prepared by combining a weak base and a salt with a strong acid. Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera Bhakkar
131.Hendersen’s equation guides us quantitatively to have the buffer solutions of good buffer capacity and to select the pair of compounds for this purpose. Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera Bhakkar
132.The solubility of sparingly soluble substance are calculated form the solubility product data.This data provides us information about the selective  precipitation and fractional precipitation.
133.Communication effect operates best in buffer solutions,and purification of certain substance.It is one of the best application of Le-Chaterlier’s principle.
134.Work is measured in Jouls in SI Units. Work W=F*S
TOPIC “SOLUTIONS” CHEMISTARY  CHAP#9 FSC PART 1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes!!!
135.Every sample of matter with uniform properties and a fixed composition is called a phase.
136.A solution ,on average, is a homogeneous mixture of two or more kinds of different molecular or ionic substances.
137.Percentage weight/weight : It is weight of a solute dissolved per 100 parts by weight of solution.
138.Molarity : Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per dm cube of the solution.
139.Molarity= Mass of solute / Mol. Mass of solute * 1/Volume of solution dm cube
140.or Molarity = Number of moles of volume/Volume of solution dm cube
141.The mole fraction of any component in a mixture is the ratio of the number of moles ot it to the total number of moles of all the components present.
142.The substance ,which is present in a large quantity is called a solvent and the other in small quantity is called solute.
143.Solutions containing relatively lower concentration of solutes are called dilute solutions.
144.Solutions containing relatively high concentration of solutes are called concentrated solutions.
145.Solubility is the concentration of a solute in a solution,when the solution isat equilibrium with the solute at a particular temperature.
GROUP CREATOR : Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera District BhakkarNTS  Chemistry Notes for AEO TEST
1.Atoms are the bulding blocks of matter.Atoms are combined to form a molecules.
2.Covlant compounds mostly exist in the form of molecules.
3.Atoms and molecules can either gain or loss electorns , forming charged particles called ions.
4.Metels tenend to loose electrons ,becoming positively charge ions.
5.AMU is Atomic mass unit
6.The atomic mass of an element is determined with reference to the mass of carbon as a standard element and is expressed in amu.
7.The fractional atomic mass can be calculated from the relative abundance of isotopes.
8.The separation and indentification of isotopes can be carried out by mass spectrograph.
9.The compostion of substance is given by its chemical formula.A molecular substance can be presented by its empirical or a molecular formula.The empirical and molecular formula are related through a simple integers.
10.Combustion analysis is one of the techniques to determine the empirical formula and then the molecular formula of a substance bye knowing its molar mass.
11.A mole of any substance is the Avogadro’s number of atoms or molecules or formula units of that substance.
12.The study of quantitative relationship between the reactants and the products in a balanced chemical equation is known as stoichiometry.
13.The theoretical yield of a reaction is the quantity of the product calculated with the help of a balance chemical equation.
14.The actual yield of a reaction is always less than the theritical yield.
15.The efficiency of chemical reaction can be checked by calculating its percentage yield.
AEO Chemistry Notes,,SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
16.The behavior of gas is described through four veriables ..Presure ,volume,temperature and its number of mole.
17.The relationship between gas variables are known as the simple gas laws.
18.Boyle’s law relates pressure of a gas with its volume.In it the pressure and volume are variables while the temperature and quantity of gas remains constant.The volume of gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to pressure applies  V =k/P
19.Charles law relates volume with temperature,was given French scientist in 1787.According of this law The volume of  given mass of a  gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature when pressure is kept constant. V=k/t 
20.Avogadro’s law is concerned with volume and amount of gas.According of this law,equal volums of all the ideal gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
21.The important concept of absolute zero of temperature originates from the simple gas laws.
22.By combination three law’s ( Boyler,Charles,Avogadro),a more general equation about the behavior of gis is obtained..i.e PV=nRT.
23. PV=nRT equation can be solved for any one of the variable when values for others are known.
24. PV=nRT equation can be modified for the determination of molar maseese and the density of the gas.
25.Dalton’s Law of partial pressures can be used to calculate the partial pressure of gases.
26.The process of diffusion and effusion are best understood by Graham’s law of diffusion.
27.Kinetic molecular theory of gases provides a theorical basis for various gas laws.
28.With the help of Kinetic molecular theory of gases a relationship is established between average molecular kinetic energy and kelvin temperature.
29.The diffusion and effusion of gases can be related to their molar masses through the kinetic molecular gases of theory.
30.The real gas show ideal behavior underspecific conditions.They become non-ideal at high and low pressure.The non-ideal behavior results chiefly form intermolar attraction and finite volume accupied by gas molecules.
31.To calculate the pressure of volume of a real gas under the non real conditions ,alternative kinetic equation (Van dar Waal’s Equation) has been developed.
32.The plasma,a forth state of matter,consist of neutral particles,positive ions and negative electrons,99% of known universe is in the plasma state.Plasma was identified by Willian Cookers in 1879.
33.Density of ideal gas PV=m/M(RT)
Chapter No.4 Liquids and Solid FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
34.The intermolecular attractive forces in the gases are negligible.
35.There are four types of intermolecular forces i.e dipole-dipole forces,London dispersion forces,hydrogen bonding and Ion-dipole force.They relative strength of dipole-dipole and dispersion forces depend upon the polarity , polarisability,size and shape of the molecule.
36.Hydrogen bonding occurs in compounds containing O-H,N-H,H-F bounds.
37.The vapor pressure of a liquid measures the tendency of a liquid to evaporate.It is the pressure exerted by the vapours on the surface of a liquid when the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation.A liquid boils when its vapour pressure equal to the rate of external pressure.
38.Many Crystallian solids melt to give a turbid liquid before melting to give a clear liquid.These turbid liquids posses some degree of order and are called liquid crystal.Liquid crystal have the fluidity of liquids and the optical properties of solids.
39.In crystalline solids the particles are arranged in a regular and repeating manner.
40.The essential structural feautures of a crystalline solid can be represented by its unit cell.
41.The three dimensional array of points representing atoms,ions or molecules is called crystal lattice.
42.The points in the crystal lattice represent positions in the structure where they have identical enviornments.
43.The simplest unit cell is a cubic unit cell.There are seven crystal systems over all.(1)Cubic system (2)Tetragonal system(3)Orthorhombic or Rhombic system (4)Monoclinic system (5)Hexagonal system
(6)Rhombohedral or trigonal system (7)Triclinice system
44.Ionic solids are hard and brittle and have high melting points.
45.Covalent solids consist of atoms held together by covalent bonds and these bonds extend throughout the solid.They are hard and have high melting points
46.Metallic solids consist of metal cations immersed in a sea of electrons and give wide range of properties.
47.Molecular solids consist of atoms or molecules held together by intermolecular forces.
48.Dipole-Dipole Forces : The positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of the other molecule and these electronics forces of attraction are called diplole-dipole forces.

Chapter No.4 Liquids and Solid FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
49.In a molecule of HCL ,there is a covalent bond between H and CL which is due to the mutual sharing of electorns.
50.A mixture of substance containing polar and non polar molecules.The positive end of the polar molecule attracts the mobile electrons of the nearby non-polar molecule.In this way polarity in induced.
51.Instantaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces or London Dispersion Forces : It is weaker than dipole-dipole interactions.The strength of these forces depend upon the size of electronic cloud of atom or molecule.When size of the atom or molecule is large then the dispersion becomes easy and forces become more prominent.
52.Hyderogen bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between a highly electronegative atom and partial positively charged hydrogen atom.
53.Soaps and detergents perform the cleansing action because the polar part of their molecules are water soluble due to hydrogen-bonding and non-polar parts remain outside water,because they are alkly or benzyl portions and are insoluble in water.
53.The amount of heat required to vapourize one mole of liquid at its boiling point is called its molar heat of vapourization.Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera District Bhakkar.
54.If physical or a chemical change take place at a constant pressure,then the heat change during this process is called enthalpy change.
55.Some of the crystals show variation in physical properties depending upon the direction.such properties are called anisotropic.
56.The repetition of faces,angles or edges when a crystal is rotated by degree of 360 along its axis is called symmetry.
57.Isomorphism is the phenomenon in which two different substances exist in the same crystalline form.
58. A compound exists in more than one crystalline forms is called polymorphic.
59.The existence of an element in more than one crystalline forms is known as allotrophy.
60.In transition temperature at which two crystalline forms of the same substance can coexist in equilibrium with each other.
61.A crystal lattice is an array of points representing atoms,ions or molecules of a crystal arranged at different sites in three dimensional space.
62.Crystal solids in which the partials forming the crystal are positively and negatively charged ions are called ionic solids.
AEO Chemistry Notes Chapter 5 ( Atomic Structure) FSC Part-1 !!!
63.Itom is made up of extremely small particles.
64.Cathod rays and positive rays were discovered during discharge tube experiments.The properties of cathode rays showed them to be negatively charged particles called electrons,where as positive rays were found to contain positively charged particles called protons.
65.Neutron was discovered through artificial radioactivity.
66.Electorns,protrons and neutrons are regarded as the fundamental particles of an atom.
67.Ratheford discovered the nucleus and successfully explained the presence of moving electrons around the nucles.Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera District Bhakkar
68.in 1905,Planck put forward his famous Planck’s quantum theory.
69.Neil Bohar explain the structure of hydrogen atom by using Planck’s quantum  theory.He also calculated the radius and energy of electrons in the nth shell of hydrogen atom.
70.Neil Bohar atom model successfully explain the origin of line spectrum and the lines present in the spectrum of hydrogen atom in the visible and invisible regions.
71.X-rays are produced when rapidly working /moving electrons collide with heavy metal anode in the discharge tube.
72.Moseley discovered a simple relationship between the frequency of x-rays and the atomic number of the target element.
73.De-Brogile discovered wave particle duality of material particles.According to him all material particles in motion have a dual charcter.Davissan and Germer experimentally verified the waves concept of electron.
Chapter No.6 CHEMICAL BONDING FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
74.Atoms combine together due to their inherent tendency to attain the nearest noble gas electronic configuration and the formation of a chemical bond always result in a decrease of energy.
75.The size of an atom is expressed in terms of atomic radius,ionic radus , covalent radius and van der Waals radius.
76.It is necessary to understand thermodynamic properties of elements.The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron form an atom in gaseous state called ionization energy.
77.The Ionic bonds are formed by transfer of electron form one atom to another.
78.Covalent bonds are formed by mutual sharing of electrons between combining atoms.
79.After the formation of a coordinate covalent bond,there is no distinction between a covalent bond and a coordinate covalent bond.
80.A polar covalent bond is formed when atoms having different electronegativity values mutually share their electrons.Due to polarity , bonds become shorter and stronger and dipole moment may develop.
81.According to valence bond theory,the atomic orbitals overlap to form bonds but the individual character of the atomic orbitals are retained.The greater overlap The stronger will be the bond formed.
Chapter No.6 CHEMICAL BONDING FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
82.The VSEPR theory gives information about the general shapes and bond angles of molecules.It is based upon repulsion between bonding and lone pairs of electrons.which tend to remain at maximum distance apart so that interaction between them is minimum.The concept provides an alternative way to explain various geometrical shapes of molecules.
83.The geometrical shapes and bond angles are better explained by different hybridization schemes,where different atomic orbitals are mixed to form hybridorbitals.
84.According to molecular orbital theory,atomic orbitals overlap to form molecular orbitals.
85.The bond energy in defined as the average amount of energy required to break all bonds of particular type in one mole of the substance.It is measure of the strength of the bond.Stronger the dipole of a bond,greater will be the bond energy.
86.The distance between the nuclei of tow atoms forming a covalent bond is called bond length.In general ,It is the sum of covalent radii of the combined atoms.
87.Properties of substances are charachterized by the type of bonds present in them.
88.The diplole moment may be defined as the product of electric charge(q)and the Distance(r) between the two oppositely charged centers.It is a vector quantity as it has magnitude and direction.It plays a major role,in determinating the % age ionic character of covalent bond and the shapes of molecules.It has magnitude and direction.
TOPIC ATMOSPHERE  for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
89.About 99% of atmospheric mass lies within 30 kilometers of the surface and 75% lies within lowest 11 Kilometers.
90.Niterogen is by volume is 78.09 in atmosphere.
91.Oxygen is by volume is 20.94 in atmosphere.
92.Argon is by volume is 00 .93 in atmosphere.
93.Carbon dioxide is by volume is 00.03 in atmosphere.
94.Atmoshere consists of four layer(Spheres)1.Troposhere2.Stratosphere3.Mesosphere4.Thermosphere.
95.In Troposphere , Temperature decreases from 17 C to -58 C extending upto 12 K.M.
96. In Stratosphere, Temperature increases from -58 to 2 C extending from 12 K.M to 50 K.M
97.In Mesosphere , Temperature decreases from 2 C to -93 C extending form 50 K.M to 85 K.M
98.In Thermosphere, increase -93 C extending from 85 K.M to 120 K.M.
99.In Troposphere are nitrogen and oxygen gases.All air crafts fly in this region.
100.Major air Pollutants are classified as primary and secondary pollutants.
101. primary pollutants are the waste or exhaust products driven out because of combination of fossil fules and organic matter.These are oxides of sulpher,carbon,niterogen,nitric,hydrocarbon,ammonia oxide and compound of fluorine.
102.Secondary Pollutants are produced are produced by various reactions of primary pollutants.These are sulphuric acid,Carbonic acid,nitric acid,hydrofluoric acid,ozone and peroxy acetryl nitrature(PAN)
Chapter No.7 THERMOCHEMISTRY FSC Part-1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes !!!
103.The study of heat changes accompanying a chemical reaction is known as thermochemistry.
104.The subject matter of thermochemistry is based on the first law of thermodynamics.
105.A process which place on its own without and outside assistance and moves from a non-equilibrium state towards an equilibrium state is termed as spontaneous process or natural process.
106.Spontaneous is unidirectional,irreversible and a real process.
107.Neutralization of a strong acid with a strong base is a spontaneous acid base reaction.
108.Burning of Coal and Hydrogen in air are example of Spontaneous.
109.Non-Spontaneous process is the reserve of the spontaneous process.It does not take place on its own and does not occur in nature.
110.The term system is used for anything (materials) under test in the laboratory or under consideration in the classroom for the purpose of argument.
111.A state function is a macroscopic property of a system which has some definite values for initial and final states,and which is independent of the path adopted to bring about a change.
112.Pressure,Volume,internal energy and enthalpy are state function.
113.Heat is quantity of energy that flows across the boundary of a system during a change in its state due to the difference in temperature between the system and the surroundings.
114.The first law of thermodynamics also called the law of conversion of energy , states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed ,but can be changed from one to another.
TOPIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CHAP#8 FSC PART 1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes!!!
115.The reversible chemical reactions can achieve a state in which the forward and the reverse process are occurring at same rate.it is chemical equilibrium.
116.The concentrations of reactants and products are called equilibrium concentrations and the mixture is called equilibrium mixture.
117.Law of mass action provides the relationship among the concentrations of reactants and products of a system at equilibrium stage.
118.The ratio of concentrations of the products to the concentration of reactants is called equilibrium constant.
119.The equilibrium constants are expressed as Kc,Kp,Kn and Kx.
120.The effect of change of concentration,temperature,pressure or catalyst in a reaction can be studies with the help of Le-Chatelier’s principle.
121.Increasing concentrations of reactants or decreasing concentrations of products or heating of the endothermic reactions shifts the reaction to forward direction.
122.The change of temperature disturbs the equilibrium position and equilibrium constant of reaction.
123.A catalyst decrease the time to reach the equilibrium and does not alter the equilibrium position and equilibrium constant under the given conditions.
124.Water is very weak electrolyte and ionizes to a slight degree.The extent of this a auto ionization is expressed by ionic product of water called Kw,having a value 10 minus 14 at 25 Centigrade.The addition of an acid or base change the H exponent Plus and OH exponent negative ,but the ionic product remains the same at 25 Centigrade.
TOPIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CHAP#8 FSC PART 1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes!!!
125.The concentration of H Plus is expressed in terms of pH and that of OH in terms of pOH.Neutral water has a pH=7 and pOH = 7 the value of pKw is 14 at 25 Centigrade.
126.According to Lowery-Bronsted concept of an acid and a base the conjugate base of strong acid is always weak.
127.Lowery-Bronsted concept: pKa and pKb are the parameters to measure the strengths of acids and bases.Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera Bhakkar
128.Those solutions which resist the change of pH are called buffer solutions.
129.Buffer solutions of pH below 7 are prepared by mixing a weak acid and salt of it.
130.in Buffer solutions with strong base while basic buffers can be prepared by combining a weak base and a salt with a strong acid. Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera Bhakkar
131.Hendersen’s equation guides us quantitatively to have the buffer solutions of good buffer capacity and to select the pair of compounds for this purpose. Muhammad Ramzan Chheena Mankera Bhakkar
132.The solubility of sparingly soluble substance are calculated form the solubility product data.This data provides us information about the selective  precipitation and fractional precipitation.
133.Communication effect operates best in buffer solutions,and purification of certain substance.It is one of the best application of Le-Chaterlier’s principle.
134.Work is measured in Jouls in SI Units. Work W=F*S
TOPIC “SOLUTIONS” CHEMISTARY  CHAP#9 FSC PART 1 for AEO and SSE Chemistry Notes!!!
135.Every sample of matter with uniform properties and a fixed composition is called a phase.
136.A solution ,on average, is a homogeneous mixture of two or more kinds of different molecular or ionic substances.
137.Percentage weight/weight : It is weight of a solute dissolved per 100 parts by weight of solution.
138.Molarity : Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per dm cube of the solution.
139.Molarity= Mass of solute / Mol. Mass of solute * 1/Volume of solution dm cube
140.or Molarity = Number of moles of volume/Volume of solution dm cube
141.The mole fraction of any component in a mixture is the ratio of the number of moles ot it to the total number of moles of all the components present.
142.The substance ,which is present in a large quantity is called a solvent and the other in small quantity is called solute.
143.Solutions containing relatively lower concentration of solutes are called dilute solutions.
144.Solutions containing relatively high concentration of solutes are called concentrated solutions.
145.Solubility is the concentration of a solute in a solution,when the solution isat equilibrium with the solute at a particular temperature.

Important Abbreviations

Very Importent abbreviation words which we are using in our daily life but we dont know the meaning of these all short words....

(F.A)
Facility of Arts.

(F.SC)
Facility of Science.

(B.A)
Bachelor of Arts.

(M.A)
Master of Arts.

(B.Sc)
Bachelor of Science.

(M.Sc)
Master of Science

(B.Sc.Ag)
Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture

(M.Sc.Ag)
Master of Science in Agriculture

(M.B.A)
Master of Business Administration.

(B.B.A)
Bachelor of Business Administration.

(M.B.B.S)
Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of
Surgery.

(CCNA)
Cesco Certified Network Associat.

(CCNP)
Cesco Certified Network Professional.

(CA)
Chartered Accountant.

(ACCA)
Associat Certified Chartered Accountant.

(CSS)
Center Superior Service.

(I.T)
Information Technology.

(D.I.T)
Diploma of Information Technology.

(M.I.T)
Master of Information Technology.

(M.D)
Doctor of Medicine.

(D.H.M.S)
Diploma of Health and Medical Surgery.

(M.S)
Master of Surgery.

(Ph.D)
Doctor of Philosophy (Arts & Science).

(D. Sc)
Doctor of Science.

(B. Com)
Bachelor of Commerce.

(M. Com)
Master of Commerce.

(Dr)
Doctor.

(B.P)
Blood Pressure.

(Mr)
Mister.

(Mrs)
Mistress.

(M.S)
(used for female married & unmarried)
"Miss" used for unmarried girls).

(M. P)
Member of Parliament.

(M. L. A)
Member of Legislative Assembly.

(M. L. C)
Member of Legislative Council.

(P. M)
Prime Minister.

(C. M)
Chief Minister.

(M.P.A)
Member of Provincial Assembly.

(M.N.A)
Member of National Assembly.

(C-in-C)
Commander-In-Chief.

(L. D. C)
Lower Division Clerk.

(U. D. C)
Upper Division Clerk.

(Lt. Gov)
Lieutenant Governor.

(D. M)
District Magistrate.

(V. I. P)
Very Important Person.

(I. T. O)
Income Tax Officer.

(C. I. D)
Crim Investigation Department.

(C. B. I)
Central Bureau of Investigation.

(G. P. O)
General Post Office.

(H. Q)
Head Quarters.

(E. O. E)
Errors and Omissions Excepted.

(Kg)
Kilogram.

(Kn)
Kilo Newton.

(Kw)
Kilowatts.

(Gm)
Gram.

(Mg)
Milli Gram.

(Km)
Kilometer.

(MM)
Millimeter.

(Ltd)
Limited.

(M. P. H)
Miles Per Hour.

(KM. P. H)
Kilometre Per Hour.

(Am)
Ante Meridiem (or) After Midday.

(Pm)
Past Meridiem (or) Past Midday.

(P. W. D)
Public Works Department.

(C. P. W. D)
Central Public Works Department.

(PM)
Project Manager.

(PD)
Project Director.

(U. S. A)
United States of America.

(U. K)
United Kingdom (England.

(K.S.A)
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

(U.A.E)
United Arab Emirates.

(U. N. O)
United Nations Organization.

(W. H. O)
World Health Organization.

(B. B. C)
British Broadcasting Corporation.

(B. C)
Before Christ.

(A. C)
Air Conditioned.

(AC)
Alternative Current.

(DC)
Direct Current.

(S.I)
Sub Inspector (of Police).

(D.P.O)
Divisional Police Officer.

(S.H.O)
Station House Officer.

(I. G)
Inspector General (of Police).

(D. I. G)
Deputy Inspector General (of Police).

(S. S. P)
Senior Superintendent of Police.

(D. S. P)
Deputy Superintendent of Police.

(I.G.P)
Inspector General of Police.

(S.P)
Superintendent of Police.

(I.S.I)
Inter Service of Intelligence.

(S. D. M)
Sub-Divisional Magistrate.

(S. M)
Station Master.

(A. S. M)
Assistant Station Master.

(V. C)
Voice-Chancellor.

(A. G)
Accountant General.

(C. R)
Confidential Report.

(P.C.S)
Provincial Civil Service.

(M.E.S)
Military Engineering Service

(L.T.V)
Light Tactical Vehicle.

(H.T.V)
Heavy Transport Vehicle.

(EPI)
Electrical pressure injection

(ABS)
Antilock Breaking Sestem.

Full Form Of Some technical Words
VIRUS - Vital Information Resource
Under Seized.

(3G)
3rd Generation.

(4G)
4th Generation

(SMS)
Short Message Service.

(MMS) Multimedia Message Service.

(GSM)
Global System for Mobile
Communication.

(M.A.H)
Milli Ampere Hour.

(CDMA)
Code Divison Multiple
Access.

(UMTS)
Universal MobileTelecommunication
System.

(SIM)
Subscriber Identity Module

(AVI)
Audio Video Interleave

(RTS)
Real Time Streaming

(SIS)
Symbian
OS Installer File

(AMR)
Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec

(JAD)
Java Application Descriptor

(JAR)
Java Archive

(JAD)
Java Application Descriptor

(3GPP)
3rd Generation Partnership Project

(3GP)
3rd Generation Project

(H.D)
High Definition.

(MAA)
Mehboob Anwar Ansari

(MP3)
MPEG player lll

(MP4)
MPEG-4 video file
(AAC)
Advanced Audio Coding

(GIF)
Graphic Interchangeable Format

(JPEG)Joint Photographic Expert Group

(JPEG)
Joint Photographic Expert Group

(BMP)
Bitmap

(SWF)
Shock Wave Flash

(WMV)
Windows Media Video

(WMA)
Windows Media Audio

(WAV)
Waveform Audio

(PNG)
Portable Network Graphics

(DOC)
Document (MicrosoftCorporation

(PDF)
Portable Document Format

(M3G)
Mobile 3D Graphics

(M4A)
MPEG-4 Audio File

(NTH)
Nokia Theme (series 40)

(THM)
Themes (Sony Ericsson

(MMF)
Synthetic Music Mobile Application File

(NRT)
Nokia Ringtone

(XMF)
Extensible Music File

(WBMP)
Wireless Bitmap Image

(DVX)
DivX Video

(HTML)
Hyper Text Markup Language

(WML)
Wireless Markup Language

(CD)
Compact Disk.

(DVD)
Digital Versatile Disk.

(CRT)
Cathode Ray Tube.

(DAT)
Digital Audio Tape.

(DOS)
Disk Operating System

اردو گرامر

اسم نکرہ کا مفہوم- اردو گرائمر !!!
وہ اسم جو غیر معین شخص یا شے (اشخاص یا اشیا) کے معانی دے اسم نکرہ کہلاتا ہے ــ
یا
وہ اسم جو کسی عام جگہ، شخص یا کسی چیز کے لئے بولا جائے اسم نکرہ کہلاتا ہے اس اسم کو اسم عام بھی کہتے ہیں۔
اسم نکرہ کی اقسام
اسم ذات
اسم حاصل مصدر
اسم حالیہ
اسم فاعل
اسم مفعول
اسم استفہام
اسم ذات اُس اسم کو کہتے ہیں جس کے ذریعے کسی چیز کی تمیزدوسری چیزوں سے کی جائے۔
یا
وہ اسم جس میں ایک چیز کی حقیقت یا اصلیت کو دوسری چیز سے الگ سمجھا جائے اسم ذات کہلاتا ہے۔
اسم ذات کی مثالیں
1۔ قلم، دوات 2۔ صبح، شام 3۔ ٹیلی فون، میز 4۔ پروانہ، شمع 5۔ بکری، گائے 6۔ پنسل، ربڑ 7۔ مسجد، کرسی 8۔ کتاب، کاغذ 9۔ گھڑی،دیوار 10۔ کمپیوٹر، ٹیلی ویژن وغیرہ
اشعارکی مثالیں
زندگی ہو میرے پروانے کی صورت یارب علم کی شمع سے ہومجھ کو محبت یارب
صبح ہوتی ہے شام ہوتی ہے عمریوں ہی تمام ہوتی ہے
اسم ذات کی اقسام
1۔ اسم تصغیر 2۔ اسم مکبر 3۔ اسم ظرف 4۔ اسم آلہ 5۔ اسم صوت
1۔ اسم تصغیریا اسم مصغرکا مفہوم
وہ اسم جس میں کسی نام کی نسبت چھوٹائی کے معنی پائے جائیں اسم تصغیر یا اسم مصغر کہلاتا ہے۔
یا
اسم تصغیر وہ اسم ہے جس میں چھوٹا ہونے کے معنی پائے جائیں تصغیر کے معنی چھوٹا کے ہیں۔
یا
اسم تصغیر وہ اسم ہے جس میں کسی چیز کا چھوٹا ہونا ظاہرہو۔
اسم تصغیریا اسم مصغرکی مثالیں
گھر سے گھروندا، بھائی سے بھیا، دُکھ سے دُکھڑا، صندوق سے صندوقچہ، پنکھ سے پنکھڑی، دَر سے دَریچہ وغیرہ
2۔ اسم مکبر
وہ اسم ہے جس میں کسی چیز نسبت بڑائی کے معنی پائے جائیں اسم مکبر کہلاتا ہے۔
یا
اسم مکبر وہ اسم ہے جس میں بڑائی کے معنی پائے جائیں، کبیر کے معنی بڑا کے ہوتے ہیں۔
یا
اسم مکبر اس اسم کو کہتے ہیں جس میں بڑائی کے معنی ظاہر ہوں۔
مثالیں
لاٹھی سے لٹھ، گھڑی سے گھڑیال، چھتری سے چھتر، راہ سے شاہراہ، بات سے بتنگڑ، زور سے شہ زور وغیرہ
3۔ اسم ظرف
اسم ظرف اُس اسم کو کہتے ہیں جو جگہ یا وقت کے معنی دے۔
یا
ظرف کے معنی برتن یا سمائی کے ہوتے ہیں، اسم ظرف وہ اسم ہوتا ہے جو جگہ یا وقت کے معنی دیتا ہے۔
مثالیں
باغ، مسجد، اسکول۔ صبح، شام، آج، کل وغیرہ
اسم ظرف کی اقسام
اسم ظرف کی دو اقسام ہیں
اسم ظرف زماں
اسم ظرف مکاں
1۔ اسم ظرف زماں
اسم ظرف زماں وہ اسم ہوتا ہے جو کسی وقت (زمانے) کو ظاہر کرے
یا
ایسا اسم جو وقت یا زمانے کے معنی دے اسم ظرف زماں کہلاتا ہے۔
مثالیں
سیکنڈ، منٹ، گھنٹہ، دن، رات، صبح، شام، دوپہر، سہ پہر، ہفتہ، مہینہ، سال، صدی، آج، کل، پرسوں، ترسوں وغیرہ
2۔ اسم ظرف مکاں
اسم ظرف مکاں وہ اسم ہے جو جگہ یا مقام کے معنی دے۔
یا
وہ اسم جو کسی جگہ یا مقام کے لئے بولا جائے اُسے اسم ظرف مکاں کہتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
مسجد، مشرق، میدان، منڈی، سکول، زمین، آسمان، مدرسہ، وغیرہ
4۔ اسم آلہ
اُس اسم کو کہتے ہیں جو کسی آلہ یا ہتھیار کا نام ہو۔
یا
اسم آلہ وہ اسم ہے جو کسی آلہ یا ہتھیار کے لئے بولا جائے۔
یا
اسم آلہ اُس اسم کو کہتے ہیں جو کسی آلہ یا ہتھیار کا نام ہو، آلہ کے معنی اوزار یا ہتھیار کے ہوتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
گھڑی، تلوار، چُھری، خنجر، قلم، توپ، چھلنی وغیرہ
5۔ اسم صوت
وہ اسم جو کسی انسان، حیوان یا بے جان کی آواز دے اسم صوت کہلاتا ہے۔
اسم صوت وہ اسم ہے جو کسی جاندار یا بے جان کی آواز کو ظاہر کرے۔
ایسا اسم جو کسی جاندار یا بے جان کی آواز کو ظاہر کرے اسم صوت کہلاتا ہے، صوت کے معنی آواز کے ہوتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
کُٹ کُٹ مرغی کی آواز، چوں چوں چڑیا کی آواز، غٹرغوں کبوتر کی آواز، ککڑوں کوں مرغے کی آواز، کائیں کائیں کوے کی آواز وغیرہ
2۔۔ اسم حاصل مصدر
ایسا اسم جو مصدر سے بنا ہو اور جس میں مصدر کے معانی پائے جائیں اسم حاصل مصدر کہلاتا ہے۔
یا
وہ اسم جو مصدرنہ ہو لیکن مصدر کے معنی دے حاصل مصدر کہلاتا ہے۔
یا
وہ اسم جس میں مصدر کے معانی پائے جائیں یعنی جو مصدر کی کیفیت کو ظاہر کرے اسم حاصل مصدر کہلاتا ہے۔
مثالیں
مثلاً: چہکنا سے چہک، ملنا سے ملاب، پڑھنا سے پڑھائی، چمکنا سے چمک، گبھرانا سے گبھراہٹ، پکڑنا سے پکڑ، چمکنا سے چمک، سجانا سے سجاوٹ وغیرہ۔
3۔ اسم حالیہ
اسم حالیہ اُس اسم کو کہتے ہیں جو کسی فائل یا مفعول کی حالت کو ظاہر کرے۔
مثالیں
ہنستا ہوا، ہنستے ہنستے، روتا ہوا روتے روتے، گاتا ہوا، ٹہلتا ہوا، مچلتا ہوا، دوڑتا ہوا،
4۔ اسم فائل
ایسا اسم جو کسی کام کرنے والے کو ظاہر کرے اسم فائل کہلاتا ہے۔
یا
وہ اسم جو کسی کام کرنے والے کی جگہ استعمال ہو اسم فائل کہلاتا ہے۔
یا
وہ اسم جو کسی کام کرنے والے کو ظاہر کرے اور مصدر سے بنے اسم فائل کہلاتا ہے۔
مثالیں
لکھنا سے لکھنے والا، دیکھنا سے دیکھنے والا، سننا سے سننے والا، پڑھنا سے پڑھنے والا، رونا سے رونے والا وغیرہ۔
عربی کے اسم فاعل
اُردو میں عربی کے اسم فاعل استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جو عربی کے وزن پر اتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
عالم (علم والا)، قاتل (قتل کرنے والا)، حاکم (حکم دینے والا) وغیرہ۔
فارسی کے اسم فاعل
باغبان، ہوا باز، کاریگر، کارساز، پرہیز گار وغیرہ۔
اسم فائل کی اقسام
اسم فائل کی مندرجہ ذیل اقسام ہیں
اسم فاعل مفرد
اسم فائل مرکب
اسم فائل قیاسی
اسم فائل سماعی
1۔ اسم فائل مفرد
اسم فائل مفرد وہ اسم ہوتا ہے جو لفظِ واحد کی صورت میں ہو لیکن اُس کے معنی ایک سے زیادہ الفاظ پر مشتمل ہوں۔
مثالیں
ڈاکو( ڈاکا ڈالنے والا)، ظالم (ظلم کرنے والا)، چور (چوری کرنے والا)، صابر (صبر کرنے والا)۔ رازق (رزق دینے والا) وغیرہ
2۔ اسم فائل مرکب
ایسا اسم جو ایک سے زیادہ الفاظ کے مجموعے پر مشتمل ہو اسے اسم فائل مرکب کہتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
جیب کترا، بازی گر، کاریگر، وغیرہ
3۔ اسم فائل قیاسی
ایسا اسم جو مصدر سے بنے اُسے اسم فائل قیاسی کہتے ہیں۔
کھانا سے کھانے والا، سونا سے سونے والا، آنا سے آنے والا، دوڑنا سے دوڑنے والا وغیرہ
4۔ اسم فائل سماعی
ایسا اسم فائل جو مصدر سے کسی قاعدے کے مطابق نہ بنا ہو، بلکہ اہلِ زبان سے سننے میں آیا ہو، اُسے اسم فائل سماعی کہتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
شتربان، فیل بان، گویا، بھکاری، جادو گر، گھسیارا، پیغامبر، وغیرہ
فاعل اور اسم فاعل میں فرق
فاعل
فاعل ہمیشہ جامد اور کسی کام کرنے والے کا نام ہوتا ہےمثلا حامد نے اخبار پڑھا، عرفان نے خط لکھا امجد نے کھانا کھایا، اِن جملوں میں حامد، عرفان اورامجد فاعل ہیں۔
اسم فاعل
اسم فاعل ہمیشہ یا تو مصدر سے بنا ہوتا ہے۔ جیسا کہ لکھنا سے لکھنے والا، پڑھنا سے پڑھنے والا، کھانا سے کھانے والا، سونا سے سونے والا یا پھر اس کے ساتھ کوئی فاعلی علامت پائی جاتی ہے۔ مثلا پہرا دار،باغبان، کارساز، وغیرہ
5۔ اسم مفعول
ایسا اسم جو اُس شخص یا چیز کو ظاہر کرے جس پر کوئی فعل (کام) واقع ہوا ہو اسم مفعول کہلاتا ہے۔
یا
جو اسم کسی شخص، چیز یا جگہ کی طرف اشارہ کرے جس پر کوئی فعل یعنی کام واقع ہوا ہو اُسے اسم مفعول کہا جاتا ہے۔
مثالیں
دیکھنا سے دیکھا ہوا، سونا سے سویا ہوا، رونا سے رویا ہوا، جاگنا سے جاگا ہوا، پڑھنا سے پڑھا ہوا، سُننا سے سُنا ہوا، وغیرہ۔
اللہ مظلوم کی مدد کرتا ہے، وقت پر بویا گیا بیج آخر پھل دیتا ہے، رکھی ہوئی چیز کام آجاتی ہے، اِن جملوں میں مظلوم، بویا ہوا، رکھی ہوئی اسم مفعول ہیں۔
عربی کے اسم مفعول
عربی میں جو الفاظ مفعول کے وزن پر آتے ہیں، اسم مفعول کے طور پر استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
مظلوم، مقتول، مخلوق، مقروض، مدفون وغیرہ
اسم مفعول کی اقسام
اسم مفعول کی دو اقسام ہیں
اسم مفعول قیاسی
اسم مفعول سماعی
1۔ اسم مفعول قیاسی
ایسا اسم جو قاعدے کے مطابق مصدر سے بنا ہو اسم مفعول قیاسی کہلاتا ہے۔
یا
ایسا اسم جو مقررہ قاعدے کے مطابق بنایا جائے اُسے اسم مفعول قیاسی کہتے ہیں اور اِس اسم کے بنانے کا طریقہ یہ ہے کہ ماضی مطلق کے بعد لفظ ”ہوا“ بڑھا لیتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
کھانا سے کھایا ہوا، سونا سے سویا ہوا، جاگنا سے جاگا ہوا، رکھنا سے رکھا ہوا، پڑھنا سے پڑھا ہوا، وغیرہ
2۔ اسم مفعول سماعی
ایسا اسم جو مصدر سے کسی قاعدے کے مطابق نہ بنے بلکہ اہلِ زبان سے سننے میں آیا ہو اُسے اسم مفعول سماعی کہتے ہیں۔ سماعی کے معنی سنا ہوا کے ہوتے ہیں۔
یا
ایسا اسم جو کسی قاعدے کے مطابق نہ بنا ہو بلکہ جس طرح اہلِ زبان سے سنا ہو اسی طرح استعمال ہو اسے اسم مفعول سماعی کہتے ہیں۔
مثالیں
دِل جلا، دُم کٹا، بیاہتا، مظلوم، وغیرہ
فارسی کے اسم مفعول سماعی
دیدہ (دیکھا ہوا)، شنیدہ (سنا ہوا)، آموختہ (سیکھا ہوا) وغیرہ
عربی کے اسم مفعول سماعی
مفعول کے وزن پر، مقتول، مظلوم، مکتوب، محکوم، مخلوق وغیرہ
مفعول اور اسم مفعول میں فرق
مفعول
مفعول ہمیشہ جامد ہوتا ہے اور اُس چیز کا نام ہوتا ہے جس پر کوئی فعل (کام) واقع ہوا ہو۔ جیسے عرفان نے اخبار پڑھا، فصیح نے خط لکھا، ثاقب نے کتاب پڑھی، اِن جملوں میں اخبار، خط اور کتاب مفعول ہیں۔
اسم مفعول
اسم مفعول ہمیشہ قاعدے کے مطابق مصدر سے بنا ہوتا ہے۔ جیسے سونا سے سویا ہوا، کھانا سے کھایا ہوا، پڑھنا سے پڑھا ہوا وغیرہ، عربی میں مفعول کے وزن پر آتا ہے: مظلوم، مخلوق، مکتوب وغیرہ، یا پھر فارسی مصدر سے بنتا ہے جیسے شنیدن سے شنیدہ، آموختن سے آموختہ وغیرہ
6۔ اسم استفہام
اسم استفہام اُس اسم کو کہتے ہیں جس میں کچھ سوال کرنے یا معلوم کرنے کے معنی پائے جائیں۔
مثالیں
کون، کب، کہاں کیسے، کیوں، وغیرہ۔
گروپ کریٹر : محمد رمضا ن چھینہ منکیرہ ضلع بھکر