Learning theories

learning theories overview
Theories about human learning can be grouped into four broad "perspectives". These are
Behaviorism - focus on observable behavior
Cognitive - learning as purely a mental/ neurological process
Humanistic - emotions and affect play a role in learning
Social - humans learn best in group activities
The development of these theories over many decades is a fascinating story. Some theories developed as a negative reaction to earlier ones. Others built upon foundational theories, looking at specific contexts for learning, or taking them to a more sophisticated level.
There is also information here about general theories of learning, memory, and instructional methodology.
Read brief descriptions of these four general perspectives here:
Learning Theories: Four Perspectives
Within each "perspective" listed below, there may be more than one cluster of theories. Click on the name of the theorist to go to the page with biographical information and a description of the key elements of his/her theory.
1. Behaviorist Perspective
Classical Conditioning: Stimulus/Response
Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Classical Conditioning Theory
Behaviorism: Stimulus, Response, Reinforcement
John B. Watson 1878-1958 Behaviorism
Edward L. Thorndike 1874-1949 Connectivism
Edwin Guthrie 1886-1959 Contiguity Theory
B. F. Skinner 1904-1990 Operant Conditioning
William Kaye Estes 1919 - Stimulus Sampling Theory
Neo-behaviorism: Stimulus-Response; Intervening Internal Variables; Purposive Behavior
Edward C. Tolman 1886-1959 Sign Theory & Latent Learning
Clark Hull 1884-1952 Drive Reduction Theory
Keneth W. Spence 1907-1967 Discrimination Learning
2. Cognitive Perspective: Learning as a Mental Process
Gestalt Learning Theory: Perception, Decision making, Attention, Memory, & Problem Solving
Max Wertheimer 1880 -1943 Gestalt Learning Theory
Kurt Lewin 1890 - 1947 Field Theoretical Approach
Wolfgang Kohler 1887 - 1967 Insight Learning
Kurt Koffka 1887 - 1941 Gestalt Theory
Leon Festinger 1919 - 1989 Cognitive Dissonance
Information Processing and Computer Models
D.O. Hebb 1904 - 1985 Neurophysiologic Theory
George A Miller 1920 - Information Processing Theory
Allen Newell 1927 - 1992 General Problem Solver
Craik & Lockhart Levels of Processing
Allan Paivio 1941 - Dual Coding Theory
David E. Rumelhart 1942 - Interactive Activation with Competition
Constructivism: Knowledge is Constructed; the Learner is an Active Creator
David Ausubel 1918 - 2008 Subsumption Theory
Jerome Bruner 1915 - Constructivism
Jean Piaget 1896 - 1990 Genetic Epistemology
Jean Lave Situated Cognition
Chris Argyris 1923 - Double Loop Learning
Rand J. Spiro Cognitive Flexibility
David Kolb Learning Styles
John Flavell Metacognition
Roger Schank Script Theory
Psychoanalytic: The role of the Unconscious Mind in Learning
Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Psychoanalytic Theory of Learning
3. Humanistic Perspective: Emotions and Affect Play a Role in Learning
Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 Humanistic Theory of Learning
Carl Rogers 1902-1987 Experiential Learning
Jack Mezirow Transformational Learning
4. Social Learning Perspective: Learning as a group process
Lev Vygotsky 1896 - 1935 Social Constructivism
Albert Bandura 1925 - Observational Learning
John Seely Brown Cognitive Apprenticeship
5. General Theories of Memory & Intelligence
J. R. Anderson ACT*
J.P. Guilford Structure of Intellect
Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligences
Robert Sternberg Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
6. Instructional Theories
John Bransford Anchored Instrution
Lee Joseph Cronbach 1916 - 2001 Aptitude Treatment Interaction
K.P. Cross CAL- Characteristics of Adult Learners
Robert Gagne 1916-2002 Conditions of Learning
Malcolm Knowles Andragogy
Lev Landa Algo-Heuristic
Mager Criterion-Referenced-Instruction
Merrill Component Display Theory
Reigeluth Elaboration Theory

Educational Psychology

1. "I am primarily interested in thinking processes; I am a __________ psychologist."
a. cognitive
b. learning
c. perception
d. personality

ANSWER: A
2. Like Carl Rogers, I believe people choose to live more creative and meaningful lives. My name is
a. Wertheimer.
b. Washburn.
c. Skinner.
d. Maslow.

ANSWER: D
3. Comparative psychologists are primarily interested in
a. stimulus-response connections.
b. animal behavior.
c. the comparison of functional and behavioral psychology.
d. the comparison of different types of psychotherapy.

ANSWER: B
4. Of the following, who is associated with the Gestalt school of psychology?
a. Ivan Pavlov
b. B. F. Skinner
c. Max Wertheimer
d. John Watson

ANSWER: C
5. Of the following, who is a humanistic psychologist?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Abraham Maslow
c. B. F. Skinner
d. John Watson

ANSWER: B
6. Which of the following represents an empirical statement?
a. Government experts agree that a future downturn in the economy is likely.
b. The temperature today is higher than it was a year ago today.
c. IQ is defined as mental age, divided by age in years, times 100.
d. Grandmothers know best.

ANSWER: C
7. A psychologist performs the following experiment: she gives subjects photographs of female faces and asks them to rate the attractiveness of each face. However, some of the subjects have just had to take a very difficult math test, while others have taken a very easy math test. The psychologist would probably be a __________ psychologist.
a. industrial
b. comparative
c. developmental
d. social

ANSWER: D
8. According to John Watson, introspection was
a. a valid method of research.
b. unscientific.
c. the cornerstone of behaviorism.
d. the study of the mind in use.

ANSWER: B
9. One of the reasons to study psychology is
a. to understand the human mind and how it works.
b. to learn how to manipulate others.
c. to completely understand and predict human behavior.
d. to have the answers to all of life's questions.

ANSWER: A
10. A psychologist who studies family dynamics and their effects on behavior of individuals in different regions would probably be a __________ psychologist.
a. learning
b. cultural
c. developmental
d. cognitive

ANSWER: B
11. Which of the following psychological theories is known as the one that emphasizes "free will"?
a. psychodynamic psychology
b. behaviorism
c. humanistic psychology
d. neo-Freudian psychology

ANSWER: C
12. The study of similarities and differences in the behavior of different species is called
a. biology.
b. comparative psychology.
c. environmental psychology.
d. differential psychology.

ANSWER: B
13. Which of the following is the best example of covert behavior?
a. blinking in response to a light
b. imitating a friend's gesture
c. remembering a pleasant experience
d. rapid eye movements while sleeping

ANSWER: C
14. Which of the following behaviors can best be described as overt behavior?
a. watching a TV game show
b. thinking about the answer to a contestant's question
c. being sad that the contestant answered incorrectly
d. wondering if there are any frozen waffles left in the freezer

ANSWER: A
15. Which of the following statements concerning psychodynamic psychology is true?
a. Freud's theories were very involved and extensive, but they ended up contributing very little to our understanding of human behavior.
b. Freud's theories remain influential today and are largely unchanged from their first conceptualizations.
c. Almost immediately, many of Freud's students broke away from his theories in order to modify and change them.
d. Psychodynamic psychology focuses on observable behaviors.

ANSWER: C
16. Brain mechanisms involved in hunger and thirst would most likely be studied by a
a. personality theorist.
b. sensory psychologist.
c. learning theorist.
d. biopsychologist.

ANSWER: D
17. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is represented by which of the following?
a. the Gestalt psychologists.
b. the behaviorists.
c. the structuralists.
d. the functionalists.

ANSWER: A
18. The goals of psychology are to
a. develop effective methods of psychotherapy.
b. describe, predict, understand, and control behavior.
c. explain the functioning of the human mind.
d. compare, analyze, and control human behavior.

ANSWER: B
19. Freud believed that all thoughts and actions are determined by
a. the first year of life.
b. forces in the personality that are often unconscious.
c. needs for love and self-esteem.
d. the drive for self-actualization.

ANSWER: B
20. The largest area of specialization among psychologists is
a. industrial and organizational.
b. experimental, physiological, and comparative.
c. social and personality.
d. clinical and counseling.

ANSWER: D
21. The term cognition refers to
a. predicting the future.
b. analysis and synthesis.
c. thinking or knowing.
d. introspection.

ANSWER: C
22. Barbara is applying conditioning principles to teach language skills to retarded children. As a psychologist, her point of view appears to be
a. Freudian.
b. Gestalt.
c. functionalist.
d. behaviorist.

ANSWER: D
23. Strict behaviorists were criticized for overlooking the role that __________ plays in our lives.
a. reward
b. thinking
c. punishment
d. stimuli

ANSWER: B
24. A psychologist who is "eclectic" can best be described as
a. rejecting determinism in favor of free will.
b. cognitive rather than behavioral.
c. drawing from many psychological approaches.
d. preferring pseudo-psychological approaches.

ANSWER: C
25. The study of mental processes such as thinking, perception, information processing, etc. is a key element in __________ psychology.
a. humanistic
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. biological

ANSWER: B
26. Overt behavior is
a. anything a person does.
b. only those things a person does which you can see.
c. only those things which can be recorded by a camera.
d. only those things which a person can see with his/her senses.

ANSWER: B
27. Which area in psychology would be most likely to study the phenomenon of "peer influence"?
a. social
b. comparative
c. physiological
d. school

ANSWER: A
28. Psychologists are all
a. scientists.
b. practitioners.
c. both scientists and practitioners.
d. either scientists or practitioners.

ANSWER: D
29. If you were to walk into a laboratory where the effects of intense punishment on a rat's ability to form a discrimination was being studied, you would be in the lab of a __________ psychologist.
a. physiological
b. developmental
c. learning
d. social

ANSWER: C
30. Maslow proposed a need to develop one's potential and be the best one can be, which he called
a. self-image.
b. self-concept.
c. self-esteem.
d. self-actualization.

ANSWER: D
31. The psychodynamic view emphasizes the role of __________ in development.
a. external rewards and punishments
b. internal impulses, desires, and conflicts
c. subjective experiences, potentials, and ideals
d. physiology, genetics, biochemistry, and evolution

ANSWER: B
32. Psychology is
a. the study of human origins, evolution, and cultures.
b. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of any living creature.
c. a natural science integrating physiology and neurology.
d. the deductive study of forms and functions of human groups.

ANSWER: B
33. Of the following, who was a structuralist?
a. B. F. Skinner
b. John Watson
c. Wilhelm Wundt
d. William James

ANSWER: C
34. Some modern psychodynamic theorists, or neo-Freudians, focused on
a. the whole.
b. social motives and relationships that influence our behavior.
c. human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals.
d. observable behaviors.

ANSWER: B

35. Some topics in psychology are difficult to study because
a. they overlap with other fields, such as law and business.
b. of ethical considerations.
c. advanced technology that measures brain waves is not available.
d. of a lack of interest in human behavior.

ANSWER: B
36. Behaviorism helped make psychology a
a. fad.
b. science.
c. specialty.
d. hoax.

ANSWER: B
37. Psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that psychiatrists
a. are physicians with a specialization in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy.
b. are extensively trained in the theories and techniques of Sigmund Freud.
c. are generally more eclectic than psychologists.
d. have a Masters or Ph.D. degree with special training in psychological theory and research methods.

ANSWER: A
38. Developmental psychologists study the effects of __________ on behavior.
a. marketing
b. learning disabilities
c. aging
d. robotics

ANSWER: C
39. The kind of therapy developed by Freud is called
a. Gestalt therapy.
b. psychoanalysis.
c. behavior modification.
d. S-R therapy.

ANSWER: B
40. Freud stressed the role of __________ in shaping our personalities.
a. the structure of the mind
b. the function of our behaviors
c. our history of rewards and punishments
d. the unconscious

ANSWER: D
41. The "father" of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory was
a. Wilhelm Wundt.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. John B. Watson.
d. B. F. Skinner.

ANSWER: A
42. You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. The psychologist talks to you about your past and attempts to link your present situation with patterns developed in your childhood during your relationship with your parents. The psychologist would probably belong to which school of psychology?
a. humanistic psychology
b. psychodynamic psychology
c. behaviorism
d. Gestalt psychology

ANSWER: B
43. The structuralist school of psychology
a. used introspection to analyze conscious experience.
b. relied heavily on the concept of natural selection.
c. was concerned with experiences as "wholes."
d. used dream analysis to reveal the unconscious.

ANSWER: A
44. "Experience cannot be analyzed successfully into its elements" would likely be said by a
a. Gestalt psychology.
b. behaviorist.
c. structuralist.
d. functionalist.

ANSWER: A
45. The key idea in the behavioristic view is that
a. behavior is shaped and controlled by one's environment.
b. behavior is the result of clashing forces with the personality.
c. behavior can be understood in terms of the mental processing of information.
d. environment plays a very small role in controlling one's behavior.

ANSWER: A
46. Evolutionary psychologists would study
a. the biological makeup of the human mind across cultures.
b. historical behavior of a single species.
c. developmentally how chimpanzees and humans are similar.
d. male and female trends in mating choices.

ANSWER: B
47. A practitioner who is intensively trained in the theories of Freud and treats patients by talking to them is probably a
a. psychiatrist.
b. clinical psychologist.
c. psychoanalyst.
d. counseling psychologist.

ANSWER: C
48. You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. The psychologist focuses on those activities you engage in currently around which you feel depressed, and she talks with you about changing these activities and thoughts that make you feel "down" and doing things which make you happy. This psychologist would probably belong to the __________ school of psychology.
a. humanistic
b. psychodynamic
c. behaviorist
d. Gestalt

ANSWER: C
49. A social scientist who characterizes his/her work as the study of the relationship between environmental events and the behavior they produce without regard for experience or consciousness is a
a. functionalist.
b. structuralist.
c. Gestalt psychologist.
d. behaviorist.

ANSWER: D
50. The APA professional code stresses
a. high levels of competence, integrity, and responsibility.
b. use of the scientific method in testing hypotheses.
c. deception as a technique to engage the psyche.
d. cooperation with authorities when a client is suspected of a crime.

ANSWER: A
51. A psychologist whose viewpoint is psychodynamic
a. focuses on self-image and self-actualization to explain behavior.
b. believes behavior is directed by forces within one's personality which are often unconscious.
c. emphasizes the study of observable behavior.
d. is usually eclectic in his practice.

ANSWER: B
52. You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. She talks to you about the goals you have for yourself, about your image of yourself, and about the choices that you make in your life and that you could make in your life. This psychologist would probably belong to the __________ school of psychology.
a. humanistic
b. psychodynamic
c. behavioristic
d. Gestalt

ANSWER: A
53. A psychologist who studies gender issues focuses on
a. learning the differences between the sexes and how they develop.
b. cultural and family relationships.
c. peer group formation.
d. cognitive processes.

ANSWER: A
54. __________ psychology is concerned with thinking, language, and problem solving.
a. Behavioristic
b. Psychoanalytic
c. Cognitive
d. Humanistic

ANSWER: C
55. Eclectic psychologists are known for
a. studying the brain and nervous system.
b. drawing on a variety of theoretical views.
c. prescribing drugs to treat emotional disorders.
d. stressing the role of the unconscious.

ANSWER: B
56. Psychology is considered a science because it
a. gains information through new methods and technology.
b. accepts what seems plausible and sensible.
c. relies on direct observation and measurement of behavior.
d. studies animal as well as human behavior.

ANSWER: C
57. Covert behavior is
a. anything a person does.
b. only those things a person does which you can see.
c. only those things which can be recorded by a camera.
d. only those things which are not observable by others.

ANSWER: D
58. Who among the following can prescribe drugs to treat emotional problems?
a. psychiatrist
b. social worker
c. psychologist
d. Gestalt therapist

ANSWER: A
59. The proper use of reward, punishment, and behavior modification are results of
a. functionalism.
b. humanism.
c. structuralism.
d. behaviorism.

ANSWER: D
60. The eclectic approach
a. stresses the Gestalt perspective.
b. emphasizes structuralist principles.
c. embraces a variety of theoretical views.
d. has disappeared entirely as a perspective in psychology.

ANSWER: C
61. Repression refers to
a. thoughts mistakenly held out of awareness.
b. thoughts actively held out of awareness.
c. forgetfulness.
d. the fact that all thoughts, emotions, and actions are determined.

ANSWER: B
62. Psychologists use animals in experiments in order to
a. avoid using unreliable human subjects.
b. comply with government prohibitions against any unpleasant experiments using human subjects.
c. investigate problems that cannot be studied with human subjects in order to discover principles that apply to humans.
d. eliminate the effect of the anthropomorphic fallacy.

ANSWER: C
63. A common sense approach to psychology is
a. the most reliable.
b. often contradicted by empirical evidence.
c. the basis for most psychological theories.
d. the basis for collecting data (observed facts).

ANSWER: B
64. Of the theorists listed below, who helped to develop the humanistic approach in psychology?
a. Rogers
b. Skinner
c. Titchener
d. Freud

ANSWER: A
65. William James wrote Principles of Psychology and founded
a. structuralism.
b. functionalism.
c. behaviorism.
d. humanism.

ANSWER: B
66. __________ focus their work on the attempt to explain all behavior in terms of internal physical mechanisms.
a. Biopsychologists
b. Behaviorists
c. Psychoanalysts
d. Humanists

ANSWER: A

67. Psychodynamic psychology differs from other approaches because it is based on
a. animal rather than human models.
b. thoughts and impulses outside of conscious experience.
c. introspection by trained subjects.
d. laboratory studies in controlled settings.

ANSWER: B
68. The humanistic viewpoint emphasizes
a. free will, self-image, and self-actualization.
b. determinism, the unconscious, and biological drives.
c. natural selection and practical skills.
d. the idea that "the environment is the key causal matrix."

ANSWER: A
69. According to John B. Watson, psychology is the study of
a. the mind.
b. conscious experience.
c. mental states.
d. behavior.

ANSWER: D
70. "I seek to understand the principles whereby a child develops the ability to think, speak, perceive, and learn." This statement identifies one as a __________ psychologist.
a. physiological
b. social
c. developmental
d. sensory/perceptual

ANSWER: C
71. Behavior is
a. anything a person does.
b. only those things a person does which you can see.
c. only those things which can be recorded by a camera.
d. only those things which a person can see with his/her senses.

ANSWER: A
72. According to the __________ view, the need for love, self-esteem, belonging, self expression, and creativity are as important as biological needs.
a. psychodynamic
b. behavioristic
c. humanistic
d. cognitive

ANSWER: C
73. Biopsychologists
a. limit the scope of their study to animals.
b. are concerned with self-actualization and free will.
c. stress the unconscious aspect of behavior.
d. attempt to explain behavior in terms of biological or physical mechanisms.

ANSWER: D
74. Which of the following best describes Maslow's concept of self-actualization?
a. the need to protect one's self-image through self-deception
b. the need to feel a part of a higher spiritual order
c. the need to develop one's potential fully
d. self-actualization

ANSWER: C
75. Which view of human nature is considered to be the most philosophical and the least scientific?
a. behaviorism
b. cognitive psychology
c. humanism
d. psychoanalysis

ANSWER: C

Past paper Of Headmaster

Headmaster paper ,Answerrss all questionss

1. teacher state and perform in (demonstration method)
2. motivation in which done something for own sake. (intrinsic)
3. john dewey thoughts reflect in (learner centered curriculum)
4. who is not curriculum practitioner. (curriculum expert)
5. islamic and non governmental (dar ul uloom deoband)
6. supervision characterized as: (improvement of learning)
7. final approval of curriculum (ministry of education)
8. inspection concept started (england)
9. determining good or bad of something (axiology)
10. head treat strictly in (theory x)
11. profession is (job)
12. shah wali ullah philosophy (realism)
13. individual living in society (existentialism)
14. effective leadership is due to traits,and behaviour of leader (trait theory)
15. which method make educational psychology a science (experimental)
16. education objectives derived from ( society)
17. socratic method (dialectic method) but doubted.
18. acquittance rol (salary disbursement)
19. national curriculum is(intended)
20. route learning is demerit of (subject centered curriculum)
21. projecter which project the image on transparent screen ( film) doubted
22. this question was about school curriculum. forgotten
23. Dy. DEO works on ( tehsil level)
24. norm reference test (individual)
25. Hilda tiba definition of curriculum.
26. projective techniques measure (personality)
27. real mentoring in school on the base of relations. (social) doubted
28. father of modern management theory (fayol)
29. articles purchased (contingent register)
30. adaptations of piageten theory (assimilation and accommodation)
31. separate state for muslims on bases of ( religion and culture)
32. jamia milia medium of instruction (urdu)
33. successful working of school depend (suitable time table)
34. 1st educational conference presided by (fazal ur Rehman)
35. crow n crow definition of education.
36. al ghazali study (philosophy) for quest.
37. process of education (birth to death)
38. scientific and technical knowledge obtained from (experimental and observation)
39. practical aspect of philosophy(learning)
40. Rousseau statement about his philosophy naturalism.
41. dewey statement about experience.
42. levels of education in Pakistan ( 5)
43. teacher ask questions in class ( to make attentive)
44. ful flegged education institutions are established in universities to improve (research)
45. literal meaning of curriculum (path)
46. cognition referred to. (thinking)
47. experiment data is collected for: is tarha ka question tha.
48. education is to think, to : (behave)
49. attention is (mental activity)
50. modern supervision in its broader sense. (leadership)
51. transition of culture due to (school)
52. charter act medium (english)
53. computer education first introduced in Pakistan (1992 policy)
54. KG school by (froebel)
55. curriculum should be improved for (emerging new knowledge) doubted
56. outline of topics (syllabus)
57. teacher efforts are less in (subject centered curriculum)
58. pedagogy (teaching method)
59. real test is achievement of (students learning)
60. practice made in ( drill method)
61. highest level of cognitive domain ( evaluation)
63. micro teaching related to (skills)
64. not non verbal ( conversation)
65. MCQs provide broad area of (contents)
66. application of philosophy directs , ans forgotten.
67. not hereditary factor (diet)
68. first intelligence test (binet)
69. IQ (intellectual status)
70. seek problem during process is ( formative evaluation)
71. POSDCORB, P is (planning)
72. blue print includes experiences for (learner)
73. axiology deals with (values)
74. no system is good without teachers, (1959 commission)
75. drama at school level ignore sometimes. I select (refreshments and enjoyment) but later feel is it (do make rehearsals)
76. teaching at elementary level ( activity based)
77. students respect teachers due to ( personal integrity of teacher)
78. which philosophy answer this question, how can we communicate with others without personal contradictions. (axiology) doubted
79. evaluation is (value judgement of student's learning)
80. which is not data collector ( observation)
81. socio situational theory ( bandura)
82. knowledge from Allah (revelation)
83. in classroom we observe (objectives)
84. PEC ( punjab education commission)
85. when head direct teachers to do something (leadership)
86. graph with value changes (pie) doubted
87. SOLO phases (5)
88. desirable modes of behaviour of society (morals) doubted
89. analysis,synthesis and evaluative measures of student through( essay)
90. facial expressions, body language (non verbal)
91. concept of free educatio ( karl marx) doubted
92. research start from ( problem)
93. drawing and implementation of curricula, draw concept from (culture or nation)
94. heart of management (planning)
95. communication without words ( non verbal)
96. goals are based on selection of ( ans forgotten)
97. curriculum with minimum books ( integrated curriculum)
98. project, role play, experiment, lab methods r ( doing methods)
99. ibn e khaldun was against ( question answer method)
100. not a good data collector (observation)

Part 2

Q1=Aims are = national expectations (Headmaster Paper 151st Time Quesion)
Q2= Aims are ( National expectations)
Q3= Goals are (School levell)
Q4= Objectives are at ( subject levell)
Q5= To promote science and technology is ( Aim )
Q6= To important computer education is ( Goal )
Q7= To identify the parts of the computer is ( Objective )
TOPIC NO-11 = (CONGNITIVE,AFFECTIVE AND PSYCHOMOTER DOMAIN)
PPSC HEADMASTER PREPARATION !!!
Q1= Which is not psychomotor skill = creating ideas(Headmaster Paper 151st Time Quesion)
Q2= When, what, how to teach is related to = edu psychology Headmaster Paper 151st Time Quesion)
Q3= Educational objectives have been divide into
( Three domains )(1.Cognitive Domain)(2.Affective Domain)(3.Psychomoter Domain)
Q4=The intellectual skills are reflected by ( Cognitive Domain ) Example of cognitive domain is (Describe a topic )
Q5= Taxonomy of educational objectives was presented in (1956)
Q6= The classification of cognitive domain was presented by (Benjamin S. Bloom )
Q7= Cognitive domain have ( six subgroups )
Q8= The right sequence of subgroups cognitive domain is (Knowledge, Comprehension, application, analysis, Synthesis Evaluation )
Q9= The lowest level of learning in cognitive domain is ( Application)
Q10= The highest level of learning in cognitive domain is ( Evaluation )
Q11= Knowing/ memorizing and recalling is concerned with(Knowledge)
Q12= To grasp the meaning of the material is
( Comprehension)
Q13= To use previous learned material in new situation is (Application)
Q14= To break down material into component parts to know its organizational structure is ( Analysis )
Q15=To put ideas together to form a new whole is (Synthesis )
Q16= To know the worth or value of material is(Evaluation)
Q17= Attitudes, values and interests are reflected by (Affective Domain)
Q18=The focus of Affective domain is (Attitudes and Interests)
Objective related to affective domain is (Student values honesty )
Q19=The affective domain was classified by ( Krathwhol)
Q20=Affective domain was divided into subgroups by Krathwhol in ( 1964)
Q21=Affective domain is divided into ( five subgroups)
Q22=Right order of sub- groups of affective domain is (Attending, Responding, Valuing, Organization, Characterization )
Q23=The lowest level of learning in affective domain is (Attending)
Q24=The highest level of learning in affective domain is (Characterization)
Q25=Willingness to attend to particular phenomenon is ( Attending/ Receiving)
Q26=Which sub- group of affective domain focuses on active participation in ( Responding )
Q27=Bringing together different values into a comsistent value system is ( Organization )

. John Dewey was born in ?(Answer...1859-1952)
2. Which of these is a complex activity ?(Answer... Learning to read)
3. Education is very important for ?(Answer... Evaluation)
4. Sensory data is interpreted by ?(Answer... Reason)
5. The most of authentic source of knowledge?(Answer... Revelation)
6. The utilization of instruments of measurement should be an important
part of teaching and;? ((Answer... Learning)
7. The objectives of Islamic education are concerned with ?((Answer... The Holy Quran and Hadith)
8. Who founded the school of psychology known as Behaviorism ? ((Answer... Waston)
9. Rises many permanent behavioral changes? (Answer... Due to Learning)
10. Who said, man is forced to learn? (Answer... Ibn-e- Khaldun)
11. Symposium is a type of ?(Answer... Discussions Method)
12. Pakistan first educational conference was held on ?(Answer... 1947)
13. Who was the founder of Nadvat -ul- Ulema ?(Answer... Shibli Nomani)
14. TANZEEM -E- ASATIZA PAKISTAN was established in? (Answer... 1969)
15. Society of Pakistan English Language Teachers (SPELT) is professional body formed in
Karachi ?(Answer... 1984)

Headmaster Past paper 2015

1- Funtction of systematic and organized work of an institution depends on = Time table
2- Raw score of test is called = Data
3- Portfolio is the work of = student work
4- Micro teaching focus on = skills
5- Theory X and Y presented by = douglus Mcgregor
6- Research report is written in = Past tense
7- The great method of teaching to naturalist is = Playway
8- The main source of innovation is = upgraded technology ( human mind , science (other options) )
9- Saddler commission in = 1917
10- Charter act was presented in = 1813
11- The founder of discovery learning = Bruner
12- Aims are = national expectations
13- I.Q stands for = intelligent Qoutient
14- Final product of measurement is = score
15- Which is the characteristics of democratic administration = mutual sharing
16- Which is not the characteristic of authoritative administration = Sharing
17- Ontology means = reality
18- DDO stands for = drawing and disbursing officer
19- What is 3R ‘s mean = reading, writing and arithmetic
20- Andragogy is used for = Adults
21- Muslims prefferd which art = calligraphy
22- The research concern with present phenomena is = Discriptive research
23- Diversification starts at which level = secondary level
24- Classes in higher secondary schools ranges = 11-12
25- According to which philosophy “ permanence is more real than change” = Perrenialism
26- The study of great books = perrenialism
27- SOLO stands for = structure of the observed learning outcome
28- In solo taxonomy students--------- is observed = performance
29- Teach reteach, feedback-refeedback is emphasized in = Micro teaching
30- Who emphasize on the education of a man fully = Greek
31- A good administration is judged through = learning outcome
32- Who said curriculum is a plan for learning = john kerr
33- Scientific society in = 1864
34- Pusuit of wisdom and truth is = philosophy
35- Teacher state and perform in = Demonstration method
36- Classroom management is the main responsibility of = classroom teacher
37- Who implement the curriculum in institution = teacher
38- Which is not psychomotor skill = creating ideas
39- Capabilities and intellect is concerned with = cognition
40- Unesco ASEAN countries conference stated that 4% of GNP should be spend on edu == 1960
41- All the govt Grants and expenditure are written in = cash book
42- When, what, how to teach is related to = edu psychology
43- School record management is the main responsibility of = clerk
44- Learner is more active in = Project method
45- CAI stands for = computer assisted instruction
46- Which is expected to achieve after class room instruction = teaching objectives
47- The most popular and widely used method of teaching is = Lecture Method
48- Kindergarton method of teaching by = Frobel
49- Who is associated with behaviorism = J.B Watson
50- Indian education commission in = 1882
51- Minimum education qualification for EST is = BA/BSc
52- In pre school education emphasise should be on = Adjustment
53- Change in education is a change in = society
54- Components of curriculum are = 4
55- Heirchery of needs presented by = Maslow
56- Panel dialogue is a kind of = Discussion method
57- Social reforms is the main task of == Reconstructionism
58- Most neglected area of edu in pak is = training of teachers
59- Teaching is measureable in = Micro teachiong
60- In subject centerd method emphasize is on = division of knowledge
61- Practice is made in = Drill method
62- Scientific division and organizing into groups is = Taxonomy
63- When the 1959 commission draft was sanctioned = 30 dec 1958
64- The quality the test measure what it intend to measure is = Validity
65- Who supervise the teacher with lessonplan in classroom is = teacher educator ( DTE)
66- When subordinate communicate with higher authority the type of communication is = upward communication
67- The curriculum which can,t contribute much alone is = Aactivity B. Subject centred C. Hidden( not attempted}

68- Physical setting of students in classroom, learning increase = overall healthy and effective environment Other options were:A. seatting arrangement B: Ventilation in class C: Beautiful building
69- The teaching method to get attention and attraction of student is: = question answer method
70- The education confined to institutions is = formal education
71- Values are the truth according to: = Idealism( I ticked). Realism. Existienialism . essentialism
72- Task of teacher in classroom is = curriculum implemention
73- Individual need inside or outside of the class is. = Huministic Approach
74- The instruction of curriculum in classroom should setisfy the = Learner needs
75- Computer education is prohibited in philosophy = perenialism
76- The education for mind and body in which philosophy = idealism ( other option was realism
77- The knowledge in education system of islam is derived through = A. Revealed B.Reason c. intuition
78- Who headed the 1959 commission = S.M Sharif
79- The type of administration in which power is divided = Decentralized
80- One question was about self evaluation of teacher
81- One question was whose answer was = Initiative
82-The one who motivates is called = leader
83. Who said the learning which makes man good citizen = plato ( i ticked)

General and Education philosphy

General Philosophies:
1. Idealism------------Plato
2. Naturalism---------J.J. Rousseau
3. Realism------------Aristotle
4. Pragmatism------- chales pierce
5. Existentialism-----Soren Kierkegaard
Education Philosophies:
1. Pernnialism--------Robert Hutchins
2. Essentialism-------William Bagley (1874-1946)
3. Progressivism-----John Dewey, Kilpartick
4. Reconstructionism--Theodore Bramled

1. An important question of general philosophy is ?(Answer... What is education )
2. Values are created as a result of social human interaction , according to?Answer... Pragmatism Philosophers)
3. Authentic knowledge is realism is gained through ?Answer... Empirical Knowledge)
4. One would expect the curriculum of idealist school to place emphasis on ?Answer... The liberal arts and Humanities)
5. Obedience, scholarship and confirming to rules and norms is expected in ?Answer... Idealist)
6. Emphasis is given to lecture method is philosophy of ?Answer... Perennialism)
7. Knowledge and skills those lead to university education was slogan of ?Answer... Progressivism)
8. Academic subject matter was strongly recommended by ?Answer... Essentialism)
9. Knowledge gained through "Insight" is called ?Answer... Intuitive knowledge)
10. In the communication process the hearing and understanding of the message is ?Answer... Decoding)
11. Muneer is the students of 5 grade. He is explaining to his father that his Islamic Studies book
needs to repaired . This is an example of flow of communication ? (Answer...Upward)
12. Selection of one of the alternatives among many is called ? (Answer...Decision Making)
13. Motivation -Hygiene Theory, which is helpful in understanding the level of job satisfaction of teacher was
developed by ? (Answer...Frederick Hertzberg)
14. Retaining most of the authority to implement decisions in any institution is ? (Answer...Centralization)
15. "Informal groups can work: effectively and efficiently " in organizations was
finding ? (Answer...Human Relation Approach)
16. Planning of primary school can be called ? (Answer...Long term Planning)
17. Acronym 'POSDCoRB' for the function of an administration was introduced by ? (Answer...Gulick)
18. 'Leaders are born not made' is emphasis of ? (Answer...Great Man Theory)
19. Theory X & Y for effective administration was developed by ? (Answer...McGregor)
20. A researcher collected sample from many students available in school is called ? (Answer...Purposive sampling)
21. Misconception that all areas have been studies is knows as ? (Answer...Due to unlimited problem)
22. The mental and emotional reaction of a person to his/her job cheerfulness is ? (Answer...Motivation)

PHILOSOPHY copied ap mistakea b identify kr dia kro.
Q20=Literal Meaning of Philosophy is( Love of wisdom.)
Q21=Axiology deals with( values)(Ethics)()
Q22=Epistomology deals with ( Knowledge)
Q23=Ontology(Metaphysics) deals with reality.
Q24=Word Philosophy is derived (Philla & Sophia)
Q25=To seek truth and reality is ( Philasophy)
Q26=An Important Question of Philosophy is ( What is Universe )
Q27=”Philosophy & Education are two sides of a coin”according to “ Ross
Q28=”Everlasting reality “ is focused in:( Perennilism)
Q29=”Reforms are Necessary in all walks of life”is focused in ( Perennilism)
Q30=Study of great books is at the core of ( Perennilism)
Q31=”Parmanance” is more real than change” ( Perennilism)
Q32=Major Exponents of Perennilism are (Bentock,Adler,Hutchins)
Q33=Essentialist philosophy of education is ( Content and Teacher Centered)
Q34=”Useful Culture & Skills is emaphasized in ( Essentialism)
Q35=Essentialists stress on (Change)
Q36=Life is continuous changing process ( Progressivism)
Q37=School should be run on democratic lines ( Progressivism)
Q38=Experimental knowledge is real( Progressivism)
Q39=The Currlculum will be” child centered “ ( Progressivist)
Q40=Essentialists would get their aim of education from(Proggressivism)
Q41=”Education is life itself not preparation for life” ( Progressivism)
Q42=Electicisim means borrowing beliefs from (Different Philosophies)
Q43=Progressivist in teacher put more emphasis on (Practical Education)
Q44=The application of philosophy in education may be(Selection of Objectives)
Q45=The Objectives come from ( Philosoph
1= According to which philosophy “ permanence is more real than change” = Perrenialism (Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q2= The study of great books = perrenialism(Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q3= Pusuit of wisdom and truth is = philosophy (Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q4= Who is associated with behaviorism = J.B Watson(Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q5= Change in education is a change in = society(Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q6= Heirchery of needs presented by = Maslow(Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q7= Social reforms is the main task of == Reconstructionism(Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q8= Values are the truth according to: = Idealism( I ticked). Realism. Existienialism . essentialism
(Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q9= Computer education is prohibited in philosophy = perenialism(Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q10= The education for mind and body in which philosophy = idealism ( other option was realism
(Headmaster Exam15,1st time Question)
Q11= determining good or bad of something (axiology) (Headmaster Exam15,2nd time Question)
Q12= shah wali ullah philosophy (realism) (Headmaster Exam15,2nd time Question)
Q13= individual living in society (existentialism) (Headmaster Exam15,2nd time Question)
Q14= practical aspect of philosophy(learning) (Headmaster Exam15,2nd time Question)
Q15= Rousseau statement about his philosophy naturalism. (Headmaster Exam15,2nd time Question)
Q16= axiology deals with (values) (Headmaster Exam15,2nd time Question)
Q17= which philosophy answer this question, how can we communicate with others without personal contradictions. (axiology) doubted(Headmaster Exam15,2nd time Question)
Q18=When, what, why and How, to teach is the main task of? A. Observation B. Education psychology C. Foundation of curriculum D. Is the purpose of life? Answer is = B
Q19=Philosophical foundation of curriculum is concerned with? Answer ideas
A. Ideas B. Psychological foundation C. Society D. Content Answer is = A

Classroom management

School And Class Room Management MCQs For Headmaster Exam
The main purpose of the supervision of teaching should be the
A. Advacement of pupil welfare
B. Proper utilization of school facilities
C. Carrying out of the curriculum
D. Achievement of success in examination
Answer is = A
Supervision sould be primarily
A. Prevtive and critical
B. Preventive and corrective
C. Constructive and creative
D. Construction and critical
Answer is = C
The basic purpose of supervision is to help
A. Teachers in improving methods
B. Teachers in understanding pupil
C. Children learn more effectively
D. Teachers in dealing pupils
Answer is = C
The elementary school teachers are directly responsible to the
A. Headmaster
B. Deo
C. Parents
D. Students
Answer is = A
The criticism most frequently leveled at school administration is that:
A. They like praise
B. They are to lazy
C. They fail to provide leadership
D. They do not know teacher
Answer is = C
The school headmaster are expected to
A. Put into operation the course of study
B. Hold daily meetings
C. Prepare the budget
D. All of the above
Answer is = A
A supervisor is one who
A. Provides friendly help
B. Inspects classrooms
C. Gives directions
D. Criticizes the teaching method
Answer is = A
The effective supervision is indicated by
A. Good relations between teacher and supervisors
B. Helping teacher in their teaching
C. Helping teachers becoming more self sufficient
D. Criticizing teacher’s lessons
Answer is = C
The school policy should be determined by:
A. The professional educators
B. Headmasters
C. Citizens d
D. Citizens and educators
Answer is
The chief responsibility of the principal is
A. Organize and administer the guidance programmed
B. Provide leadership in instructional plan
C. Maintain school records
D. Handle discipline problems
Answer is =B
Indication of democratic attitude is
A. Equal rights
B. Participation
C. Cooperation
D. All of the above
Answer is
The history of administration goes back to
A. 5000 BC
B. 4000BC
C. 800BC
D. 1000BC
Answer is =A
Adminstration meams
A. To look after
B. To protect
C. To run
D. To establish
Answer is =A
The function of educational administration and management is
A. Instrucitonal tasks
B. Non instrucitonal tasks
C. Both a and b
D. None
Answer is =C
Provision of good educational environment is
A. Instrucional tasks
B. Non instrucitonal tasks
C. Both a and b
D. None
Answer is =A
Arrangement of physical resources is
A. Instrucitonal tasks
B. Non instructional tasks
C. Both
D. None
Answer is =B
The main types of adminstration are
A. 2
B. 3
C. 6
D. 9
Answer is =B
Which is not the type of adminstration
A. Instructional administration
B. Authoritarian administration
C. Democratic administration
D. Laissez Faire administration
Answer is = A
Which is not the characteristic of authoritative administration
A. Rudeness
B. Suppression the subordinates
C. Strict discipline
D. Sharing
Answer is = D
Authoritative administration is based on
A. Dictatorship
B. Mutual sharing
C. Non interference
D. None
Answer is =A
Democratic administration is based on
A. Dictatorship
B. Mutual sharing
C. Non interference
D. None
Answer is =B
Laissez Faire administration is based on
A. Dictatorship
B. Mutual sharing
C. Non interference
D. None
Answer is =C
Boss is right is the feature of
A. Instructional administration
B. Authoritarian administration
C. Democratic administration
D. Laissez Faire administration
Answer is =B
Respect of opinion is the feature of
A. Instructional administration
B. Authoritarian administration
C. Democratic administration
D. Laissez Faire administration
Answer is =C
Sense of responsibility is not cared in
A. Instructional administration
B. Authoritarian administration
C. Democratic administration
D. Laissez Faire administration
Answer is
Literal meaning of supervision is
A. Superior knowledge and power
B. Superior knowledge and service
C. Superior efforts and services
D. None of these
Answer is =A

Lesson plan

NEW LESSON PLAN (SUBJECT ENGLISH) !!!
MY TOPIC "ADJECTIVES" !!
(1).OPENING : Show to the students a pen. What is this? and ask them to describes it by using different objectives.Record the responses of students.
Also ask them : What is the color of pen? What is the size of pen? etc
(2).INTRODUCTION TO NEW LESSON :
Dear Students ! Adjective is a word that modifies noun or pronoun to make it more specific.They are describing words.
CLASSIFY OF ADJECTIVES :
Adjectives are different kinds.They are of Quality,Quantity,Size,Color,Shape,Origin and Numbers etc
1.QUALITY : Good , Bad ,Loud etc
2.QUANTITY : Many,Some,Few etc
3.SIZE: Big,Small,Fat,Thin etc
4.COLOR:Red,Blue,White etc
5.SHAPE : Round,Oval,Square etc
6.ORIGIN . Pakistani,Chines,Japanies etc
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES :
1.POSITIVE :
2.COMPARATIVE
3.SUPERLATIVE
(3)GROUP ACTIVITY : Make six groups and gives them names A,B,C,D,E.F
A Group will write Quality,B will write Quantity,C will write Size,D will write Color,E will write Shape and F will write Origin as adjective in charts.
(4)INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY :
Now teacher will ask different kinds of adjectives from class.
(5)CLOSING :You should write six adjectives about any of their Bat,Ball,Doll,Car,Pen,Mobile